CH 41: Aortic Dissection Flashcards
A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents to the emergency department with sudden-onset severe chest pain described as “tearing” and radiating to his back. His blood pressure is 190/110 mmHg in the right arm and 160/100 mmHg in the left arm. A chest x-ray shows a widened mediastinum. What is the priority nursing action?
A. Administer IV beta-blockers to lower blood pressure
B. Prepare the patient for emergency surgery
C. Obtain a 12-lead ECG to assess for myocardial infarction
D. Administer IV morphine for pain control
B. Prepare the patient for emergency surgery
Rationale: An acute Type A aortic dissection is a surgical emergency because it affects the ascending aorta, which supplies blood to the heart and brain. If left untreated, complications such as aortic rupture, cardiac tamponade, or end-organ ischemia can rapidly lead to death. Immediate surgical intervention is required to repair the dissection and restore vascular integrity.
A nurse is caring for a patient diagnosed with an acute Type B aortic dissection. Which of the following interventions should the nurse anticipate? Select all that apply.
A. Continuous IV infusion of beta-blockers
B. Strict blood pressure and heart rate monitoring
C. Emergency surgical repair
D. Administration of opioids for pain relief
E. Serial imaging studies (CT or MRI)
A. Continuous IV infusion of beta-blockers
B. Strict blood pressure and heart rate monitoring
D. Administration of opioids for pain relief
E. Serial imaging studies (CT or MRI)
Rationale: Acute Type B aortic dissections originate in the descending aorta and are typically managed conservatively unless complications arise. Beta-blockers (A) help control blood pressure and heart rate, reducing shear stress on the aortic wall. Strict hemodynamic monitoring (B) is essential to prevent worsening dissection. Opioids (D) help manage the severe pain associated with dissection. Serial imaging (E) is required to monitor for expansion, rupture, or malperfusion syndrome. Surgery (C) is usually reserved for cases with complications such as organ ischemia or rupture.
A nurse is monitoring a patient with an aortic dissection. Which finding would indicate a life-threatening complication requiring immediate intervention?
A. Blood pressure of 140/80 mmHg
B. Increased urine output
C. Sudden onset of altered mental status
D. Reports of decreased back pain
C. Sudden onset of altered mental status
Rationale: Altered mental status suggests compromised cerebral perfusion, which can result from a Type A aortic dissection extending into the aortic arch vessels. This can cause reduced blood flow to the brain, increasing the risk of stroke. Immediate intervention is required to restore perfusion and prevent permanent neurological damage.
A patient with a chronic aortic dissection presents for a follow-up visit. The nurse provides education on lifestyle modifications to prevent dissection progression. Which instructions should the nurse include? Select all that apply.
A. Maintain a low-sodium, heart-healthy diet
B. Engage in high-intensity weightlifting to strengthen the heart
C. Adhere to prescribed antihypertensive medications
D. Avoid sudden emotional stress or extreme exertion
E. Monitor blood pressure regularly at home
A. Maintain a low-sodium, heart-healthy diet
C. Adhere to prescribed antihypertensive medications
D. Avoid sudden emotional stress or extreme exertion
E. Monitor blood pressure regularly at home
Rationale: Managing blood pressure (C, E) is the most critical intervention to prevent dissection progression. A low-sodium, heart-healthy diet (A) helps control hypertension. Avoiding extreme exertion and emotional stress (D) reduces surges in blood pressure that can worsen the dissection. High-intensity weightlifting (B) is contraindicated because it significantly increases blood pressure, which could lead to rupture.
A nurse is assessing a patient admitted with suspected aortic dissection. The nurse understands that which risk factor is most strongly associated with the development of aortic dissection?
A. Hypertension
B. Tobacco use
C. Atherosclerosis
D. Connective tissue disorders
A. Hypertension
Rationale: Hypertension is the most important risk factor for aortic dissection because chronic high blood pressure weakens the elastic fibers in the arterial wall, making it more prone to tearing. This leads to the formation of a false lumen, which can rapidly progress to life-threatening complications.
A nurse is caring for a patient with an acute aortic dissection. The nurse understands that the extension of the dissection may compromise blood flow to which organs? Select all that apply.
A. Brain
B. Kidneys
C. Spinal cord
D. Liver
E. Extremities
A. Brain
B. Kidneys
C. Spinal cord
E. Extremities
Rationale: Aortic dissection can extend and cut off blood supply to multiple organs. The brain (A) can be affected, leading to stroke or altered mental status. The kidneys (B) may experience acute kidney injury due to ischemia. The spinal cord (C) can suffer from reduced perfusion, potentially causing paralysis. The extremities (E) may develop ischemia or necrosis if major arteries are involved. The liver (D) is not directly affected, as it primarily receives blood from the portal vein rather than the aorta.
A 72-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with complaints of sudden-onset chest pain and dizziness. Her daughter states that she has a history of hypertension and Marfan’s syndrome. Which pathophysiologic process is most likely contributing to her symptoms?
A. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture leading to myocardial infarction
B. Pulmonary embolism causing decreased oxygenation
C. Aortic dissection leading to arterial wall separation
D. Cardiac tamponade due to pericardial effusion
C. Aortic dissection leading to arterial wall separation
Rationale: Marfan’s syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that weakens the aortic wall, making it more prone to tearing and dissection. In this patient with hypertension and Marfan’s syndrome, the most likely cause of sudden chest pain and dizziness is aortic dissection, in which the arterial wall layers separate, creating a false lumen.
A nurse is reviewing the mechanism of aortic dissection with a group of student nurses. Which statements are correct? Select all that apply.
A. A tear in the intimal layer allows blood to enter the media layer.
B. Each cardiac contraction worsens the dissection by increasing pressure on the damaged area.
C. The false lumen may rupture, causing fatal hemorrhage.
D. Aortic dissections occur only in the ascending aorta.
E. The dissected layers may cut off blood supply to vital organs.
A. A tear in the intimal layer allows blood to enter the media layer.
B. Each cardiac contraction worsens the dissection by increasing pressure on the damaged area.
C. The false lumen may rupture, causing fatal hemorrhage.
E. The dissected layers may cut off blood supply to vital organs.
Rationale: Aortic dissection begins with a tear in the intima (A), allowing blood to enter the media layer and creating a false lumen. Each heartbeat increases stress on the aortic wall, worsening the dissection (B). If the false lumen ruptures (C), the outcome is often fatal due to massive hemorrhage. Additionally, dissection may compromise blood flow (E) to critical organs, leading to ischemia. Dissections can occur in both the ascending and descending aorta, not just the ascending aorta, making D incorrect.
Which patient is at the greatest risk for developing aortic dissection?
A. A 30-year-old male with a history of smoking and hyperlipidemia
B. A 35-year-old female with diabetes and a history of coronary artery disease
C. A 40-year-old female who recently underwent a C-section
D. A 67-year-old male with uncontrolled hypertension and a history of bicuspid aortic valve
D. A 67-year-old male with uncontrolled hypertension and a history of bicuspid aortic valve
Rationale: Uncontrolled hypertension is the most important risk factor for aortic dissection. Additionally, a bicuspid aortic valve is a congenital heart condition that increases susceptibility to aortic diseases, including dissection. The combination of these factors makes this patient the highest risk.
A 50-year-old male with a history of cocaine use and hypertension is brought to the ER with severe chest pain radiating to his back. His BP is 200/120 mmHg, and his heart rate is 110 bpm. Which pathophysiologic mechanism is most likely responsible for his condition?
A. Coronary artery spasm leading to myocardial infarction
B. Cocaine-induced aortic dissection from increased shear stress
C. Hypertensive crisis leading to left ventricular failure
D. Pulmonary embolism causing obstruction of blood flow
B. Cocaine-induced aortic dissection from increased shear stress
Rationale: Cocaine use causes extreme surges in blood pressure and heart rate, increasing shear stress on the aortic wall. This can precipitate aortic dissection, especially in those with predisposing risk factors like hypertension. The patient’s severe chest pain radiating to the back and extremely high blood pressure strongly suggest aortic dissection rather than other conditions.
A patient with suspected aortic dissection is undergoing an urgent assessment. The nurse recognizes that which diagnostic finding would most strongly indicate an aortic dissection?
A. ST-segment elevations on ECG
B. Decreased ejection fraction on echocardiogram
C. Widened mediastinum on chest X-ray
D. Hyperinflation of lungs on chest X-ray
C. Widened mediastinum on chest X-ray
Rationale: A widened mediastinum on chest X-ray is a key finding in aortic dissection, suggesting blood accumulation within the aortic wall. This finding warrants immediate further imaging, such as a CT angiogram, to confirm the diagnosis.
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a patient who survived an acute aortic dissection. Which instructions should the nurse include? Select all that apply.
A. Maintain tight blood pressure control with prescribed medications.
B. Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous exercise.
C. Monitor for new or worsening chest or back pain.
D. Consume a high-sodium diet to maintain vascular volume.
E. Follow up regularly for imaging studies.
A. Maintain tight blood pressure control with prescribed medications.
B. Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous exercise.
C. Monitor for new or worsening chest or back pain.
E. Follow up regularly for imaging studies.
Rationale: Blood pressure control (A) is essential to prevent re-dissection or rupture. Avoiding strenuous activity (B) helps reduce stress on the aortic wall. The patient should monitor for new symptoms (C) and seek immediate care if they occur. Regular imaging (E) ensures early detection of complications. A high-sodium diet (D) is contraindicated because it can worsen hypertension, increasing the risk of re-dissection.
A nurse is assessing a patient with a suspected acute type A aortic dissection. Which clinical finding would most strongly support this diagnosis?
A. Severe chest pain described as “tearing” or “ripping”
B. Lower extremity weakness and diminished pedal pulses
C. Severe abdominal pain with rebound tenderness
D. Unilateral pleuritic chest pain and shortness of breath
A. Severe chest pain described as “tearing” or “ripping”
Rationale: Type A aortic dissection commonly presents with an abrupt onset of severe anterior chest pain, often described as “tearing” or “ripping”. The pain may radiate to the back or follow the path of the dissection as it progresses. This presentation is a hallmark symptom of ascending aortic dissection, requiring emergent intervention.
A patient with a suspected aortic dissection reports severe back pain radiating to the abdomen. The nurse knows that which other assessment findings would be consistent with this condition? Select all that apply.
A. Unequal blood pressure between arms
B. Altered level of consciousness
C. Worsening neurological deficits
D. Sharp, “stabbing” pain that follows the dissection
E. Bilateral lower extremity edema and ascites
A. Unequal blood pressure between arms
B. Altered level of consciousness
C. Worsening neurological deficits
D. Sharp, “stabbing” pain that follows the dissection
Rationale: Aortic dissection can impair blood flow to major arteries, leading to unequal BP readings between arms (A) if the subclavian artery is affected. Altered level of consciousness (B) and worsening neurological deficits (C) occur if the aortic arch is involved, affecting cerebral circulation. Sharp, stabbing pain (D) that follows the dissection’s path is characteristic. Edema and ascites (E) are signs of chronic heart failure or liver disease, not acute aortic dissection.
A 74-year-old male presents with vague chest discomfort, dizziness, and hypotension. The nurse notes a significant difference in blood pressure between his arms. Which additional assessment finding would most strongly indicate a type A aortic dissection?
A. Crackles in the lungs and jugular vein distention
B. Pain that improves with leaning forward
C. Fever, chills, and a pericardial friction rub
D. Widened mediastinum on chest X-ray
D. Widened mediastinum on chest X-ray
Rationale: A widened mediastinum on chest X-ray is a key diagnostic finding in aortic dissection, especially type A dissections, which involve the ascending aorta and arch. This structural change occurs due to blood accumulation in the aortic wall and is often the first radiographic sign of dissection.
A nurse is assessing a patient with an aortic dissection that has progressed down the aorta. Which finding suggests decreased perfusion to abdominal organs and lower extremities?
A. Decreased urine output and abdominal tenderness
B. Bilateral crackles and elevated BNP levels
C. Pulsus paradoxus and distant heart sounds
D. Facial edema and jugular vein distention
A. Decreased urine output and abdominal tenderness
Rationale: As the dissection extends downward, it can compromise blood flow to the renal and mesenteric arteries, leading to renal ischemia (decreased urine output) and abdominal organ hypoperfusion (abdominal tenderness). These signs indicate end-organ damage, requiring immediate intervention.
A patient with a type A aortic dissection is being monitored in the ICU. The nurse recognizes that which neurological signs may indicate worsening dissection? Select all that apply.
A. Altered level of consciousness
B. Unilateral facial droop
C. Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
D. New onset of syncope
all of the choice are correct
Rationale: Type A dissections may impair cerebral blood flow, leading to neurological deficits. Altered LOC (A), unilateral facial droop (B), and difficulty speaking (C) suggest ischemic brain involvement. New onset syncope (D) may indicate aortic rupture or significant cerebral hypoperfusion, requiring emergency intervention.
A nurse is assessing a patient with a suspected subclavian artery involvement in aortic dissection. Which clinical finding should the nurse expect?
A. Blood pressure is significantly higher in both arms
B. Different blood pressure readings between arms
C. Decreased capillary refill in all extremities
D. Irregular heart rhythm and tachycardia
B. Different blood pressure readings between arms
If the subclavian artery is affected, blood flow to one arm may be reduced, leading to a lower BP reading in that arm compared to the other. This BP discrepancy is a hallmark sign of aortic dissection involving the subclavian artery.
A 65-year-old woman presents to the ED with severe back pain and syncope. Her BP is 90/60 mmHg, HR 120 bpm, and she has weak femoral pulses. She denies chest pain. The nurse suspects an acute type B aortic dissection. Which diagnostic test should be performed immediately?
A. Chest X-ray
B. Transthoracic echocardiogram
C. CT angiography
D. Cardiac enzyme panel
C. CT angiography
Rationale: CT angiography is the gold standard for diagnosing aortic dissection, providing detailed imaging of the aorta to determine the extent and location of the dissection. Immediate imaging is crucial to guide emergency management and prevent complications such as aortic rupture.
A nurse is assessing a patient with an acute type A aortic dissection and suspects cardiac tamponade. Which assessment finding would most strongly support this complication?
A. Decreased urine output and abdominal distension
B. Widened pulse pressure and bounding pulses
C. Sudden onset of unilateral lower extremity paralysis
D. Muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention
D. Muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention
Rationale: Cardiac tamponade occurs when blood leaks into the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and reducing cardiac output. Hallmark findings include:
* Muffled heart sounds (due to fluid accumulation in the pericardium)
* Jugular venous distention (from impaired venous return to the heart)
* Hypotension and narrowed pulse pressure
* Pulsus paradoxus (a drop in SBP >10 mmHg during inspiration)
A patient with an aortic dissection has developed spinal cord ischemia. Which clinical manifestations would the nurse expect? Select all that apply.
A. Weakness in lower extremities
B. Decreased sensation below the level of ischemia
C. Absent deep tendon reflexes
D. Unilateral facial droop
E. Sudden onset of lower extremity paralysis
A. Weakness in lower extremities
B. Decreased sensation below the level of ischemia
E. Sudden onset of lower extremity paralysis
Rationale: Spinal cord ischemia due to aortic dissection can cause neurological deficits:
* Weakness in lower extremities (A) due to impaired spinal cord perfusion
* Decreased sensation (B) below the affected level
* Sudden onset of paralysis (E) in severe cases
Absent deep tendon reflexes (C) are not a primary finding. Unilateral facial droop (D) suggests a stroke, not spinal cord ischemia.
A patient with a ruptured aortic dissection is brought to the emergency department. The nurse notes hypotension, tachycardia, cool extremities, and altered mental status. What is the priority intervention?
A. Administer IV labetalol to lower blood pressure
B. Prepare for emergency surgical repair
C. Obtain a stat CT angiography
D. Administer IV fluids at a rapid rate
B. Prepare for emergency surgical repair
Rationale: Aortic rupture is fatal without immediate surgical intervention. The patient is exhibiting signs of hypovolemic shock due to massive hemorrhage. Emergency surgical repair is the only life-saving measure.
* IV fluids (D) may be cautiously given to maintain perfusion, but fluid resuscitation alone is not sufficient.
* CT angiography (C) confirms diagnosis but should not delay surgery in an unstable patient.
* Labetalol (A) is contraindicated in this case due to severe hypotension.
A nurse is monitoring a patient with an aortic dissection for signs of renal ischemia. Which finding would indicate progressive kidney damage?
A. Urine output of 20 mL/hr
B. Blood pressure of 168/92 mmHg
C. Bilateral 2+ pitting edema in the lower extremities
D. Capillary refill of 3 seconds
A. Urine output of 20 mL/hr
Rationale: Renal ischemia due to aortic dissection can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). A urine output <30 mL/hr is an early sign of decreased renal perfusion.
* Hypertension (B) is a risk factor but does not directly indicate ischemia.
* Edema (C) may occur in chronic kidney disease but is not an early sign of acute renal failure.
* Capillary refill (D) of 3 seconds is within normal limits.
A patient with an acute aortic dissection develops abdominal (mesenteric) ischemia. The nurse should expect which clinical findings? Select all that apply.
A. Severe abdominal pain
B. Decreased bowel sounds
C. Persistent nausea and vomiting
D. Increased appetite and hunger
E. Hematochezia (bloody stools)
A. Severe abdominal pain
B. Decreased bowel sounds
C. Persistent nausea and vomiting
E. Hematochezia (bloody stools)
Rationale: Abdominal (mesenteric) ischemia results from decreased blood flow to the intestines, leading to:
* Severe abdominal pain (A) due to tissue hypoxia
* Decreased bowel sounds (B) from reduced perfusion
* Persistent nausea/vomiting (C) due to bowel dysfunction
* Hematochezia (E) in cases of bowel infarction
Increased appetite (D) is incorrect because intestinal ischemia often causes anorexia, not hunger.