ch 4 Tissues

Question 1

-Connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina)
-Provide structure (bone)
-Store energy (fat)
-Transport materials (blood)
Have no contact with environment

Answer 1

Connective Tissues

Question 2

Specialized cells
Solid extracellular protein fibers
Fluid extracellular ground substance

Answer 2

Characteristics of Connective Tissues

Question 3

The extracellular components of connective tissues (fibers and ground substance):

• majority of cell volume
• Is the specific product of the cells and is what determines specialized function

Answer 3

Matrix

Question 4

connect and protect

Answer 4

Connective tissue proper

Question 5

• transport
• distinctive population of cells suspended in a watery matrix that contains disolved proteins
• blood and lymph

Answer 5

fluid connective tissues

Question 6

• structural strength
• less diverse cell population and a matrix containing much more densely packed fibers
• protect soft tissues
• support the weight of part or all of the body
• cartilage and bone

Answer 6

Supportive connective tissues

Question 7

more ground substance, less fibers

e.g., fat (adipose tissue)

Answer 7

loose connective tissues

Question 8

more fibers, less ground substance

e.g., tendons

Answer 8

Dense connective tissue

Question 9

• The most abundant cell type:
• found in all connective tissue proper
• secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)

Answer 9

Fibroblasts

Question 10

• Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system:

- eat pathogens and damaged cells

Answer 10

Macrophages

Question 11

large cells of the immune system that stay in tissue

Answer 11

fixed macrophages

Question 12

large cells of the immune system that migrate

Answer 12

free macrophages

Question 13

Fat cells:

each cell stores a single, large fat droplet

Answer 13

Adipocytes

Question 14

-Stem cells that respond to injury or infection:
differentiate into fibroblasts, adipocytes, etc.
-divide and differentiate:
to produce more fat cells
when more storage is needed
(adipose cells)

Answer 14

Mesenchymal Cells

Question 15

• Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

- gives tissues a dark color

Answer 15

Melanocytes

Question 16

Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection:

release histamine and heparin

Answer 16

Mast Cells

Question 17

Specialized immune cells in lymphatic system:

e.g., plasma cells which produce antibodies

Answer 17

Lymphocytes

Question 18

Phagocytic blood cells:

• respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells
  e. g., neutrophils and eosinophils
• attracted to the site of infection or injury

Answer 18

Microphages

Question 19

• most common fibers in CTP
• long, straight, and unbranched
• strong and flexible
• resists force in 1 direction
  e. g., tendons and ligaments

Answer 19

Collagen fibers

Question 20

• network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
• strong and flexible
• resists force in many directions
• stabilizes functional cells (parenchyma) and structures
  e. g., sheaths around organs

Answer 20

Reticular fibers

Question 21

contain elastin
branched and wavy
return to original length after stretching
e.g., elastic ligaments of vertebrae

Answer 21

Elastic fibers

Question 22

is clear, colorless, and viscous

fills spaces between cells and slows pathogens

Answer 22

ground substance

Question 23

Least specialized
Open framework 
Viscous ground substance
Elastic fibers 
Holds blood vessels and capillary beds:
e.g., under skin (subcutaneous layer)

Answer 23

Areolar Tissue

Question 24

Contains many adipocytes (fat cells)

Answer 24

Adipose Tissue

Question 25

``` White fat: most common stores fat absorbs shocks slows heat loss (insulation) ```

Answer 25

Adipose Tissue

Question 26

``` Brown fat: more vascularized adipocytes have many mitochondria breaks down fat produces heat ```

Answer 26

Adipose Tissue

Question 27

-in adults do not divide: -expand to store fat -shrink as fats are released (Adipose cells)

Answer 27

Adipocytes

Question 28

attach muscles to bones

Answer 28

tendons

Question 29

connect bone to bone and stabilize organs

Answer 29

ligaments

Question 30

attach in sheets on large, flat muscles

Answer 30

aponeuroses

Question 31

erythrocytes

Answer 31

Red blood cells

Question 32

leukocytes

Answer 32

white blood cells

Question 33

Extracellular fluid between blood cells

Answer 33

Plasma

Question 34

Extracellular fluid between cells of the tissues

Answer 34

interstitial fluid

Question 35

``` Extracellular fluid carried by lymphatic vessels from tissues back to the blood Extracellular fluid: collected from interstitial space monitored by immune system transported by lymphatic system returned to venous system ```

Answer 35

Lymph

Question 36

gel-type ground substance | for shock absorption and protection

Answer 36

cartilage

Question 37

calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals) | for weight support

Answer 37

bone

Question 38

- translucent matrix - no prominent fibers - stiff, flexible support - reduces friction between bones - found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea

Answer 38

Hyaline cartilage

Question 39

- tightly packed elastic fibers - supportive but bends easily - found in external ear and epiglottis

Answer 39

Elastic cartilage

Question 40

- very dense collagen fibers - Limits movement - Prevents bone-to-bone contact - Pads knee joints - Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs

Answer 40

Fibrocartilage

Question 41

Also called osseous tissue: strong (calcified: calcium salt deposits) resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers)

Answer 41

Bone

Question 42

- - arranged around central canals within matrix - small channels through matrix (canaliculi) access nutrients - bone cells

Answer 42

Osteocytes