CH 4 SUMMARY

Question 1

Zero Trust

Answer 1

Zero Trust - Removing the design belief that the network has any trusted space. Security is managed at each possible level, representing the most granular asset. Microsegmentation of workloads is a tool of the model.

Question 2

Zenmap

Answer 2

Zenmap - The graphical user interface (GUI) for the Nmap Security Scanner, an open-source application that scans networks to determine everything that is connected as well as other information.

Question 3

WLAN

Answer 3

Wireless Area Network (WLAN) - A group of computers and devices that are located in the same vicinity, forming a network based on radio transmissions rather than wired connections. A Wi-Fi is network is a type of WLAN.

Question 4

VPN

Answer 4

VPN - A virtual private network (VPN), built on top of existing networks, that can provide a secure communications mechanism for transmission between networks.

Question 5

VLAN

Answer 5

Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) - A logical group of workstations, servers, and network devices that appear to be on the same LAN despite their geographical distribution.

Question 6

TCP/IP

Answer 6

Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Model - Internetworking protocol model created by the IETF, which specifies four layers of functionality: Link layer (physical communications), Internet Layer (network-to-network communication), Transport Layer (basic channels for connections and connectionless exchange of data between hosts), and Application Layer, where other protocols and user applications programs make use of network services.

Question 7

Spoofing

Answer 7

Spoofing - Faking the sending address of a transmission to gain illegal entry into a secure system.

Question 8

SaaS

Answer 8

Software as a Service (SaaS) - The cloud customer uses the cloud provider’s applications running within a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Derived from NIST 800-145

Question 9

Software

Answer 9

Software - Computer programs and associated data that may be dynamically written or modified during execution.

Question 10

SMTP

Answer 10

Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) - The standard communication protocol for sending and receiving emails between senders and receivers.

Question 11

Public Cloud

Answer 11

Public cloud - The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general public. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government organization, or some combination of them. It exists on the premises of the cloud provider.

Question 12

Protocols

Answer 12

Protocols - A set of rules (formats and procedures) to implement and control some type of association (that is, communication) between systems.

Question 13

Private Cloud

Answer 13

Private cloud - The phrase used to describe a cloud computing platform that is implemented within the corporate firewall, under the control of the IT department. A private cloud is designed to offer the same features and benefits of cloud systems, but removes a number of objections to the cloud computing model, including control over enterprise and customer data, worries about security, and issues connected to regulatory compliance.

Question 14

PaaS

Answer 14

Platform as a Service (PaaS) - The web-authoring or application development middleware environment that allows applications to be built in the cloud before they’re deployed as SaaS assets.

Question 15

PCI DSS

Answer 15

Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) - An information security standard administered by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council that applies to merchants and service providers who process credit or debit card transactions.

Question 16

Payload

Answer 16

Payload - The primary action of a malicious code attack.

Question 17

Packet

Answer 17

Packet - Representation of data at Layer 3 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

Question 18

Oversized Packet Attack

Answer 18

Oversized Packet Attack - Purposely sending a network packet that is larger than expected or larger than can be handled by the receiving system, causing the receiving system to fail unexpectedly.

Question 19

Microsegmentation

Answer 19

Microsegmentation - Part of a zero-trust strategy that breaks LANs into very small, highly localized zones using firewalls or similar technologies. At the limit, this places firewall at every connection point.

Question 20

Man In the Middle Attack

Answer 20

Man-in-the-Middle - An attack where the adversary positions himself in between the user and the system so that he can intercept and alter data traveling between them.

Question 21

IPV4

Answer 21

Internet Protocol (IPv4) - Standard protocol for transmission of data from source to destinations in packet-switched communications networks and interconnected systems of such networks.

Question 22

ICMP

Answer 22

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) - An IP network protocol standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) through RFC 792 to determine if a particular service or host is available.

Question 23

IaaS

Answer 23

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - The provider of the core computing, storage and network hardware and software that is the foundation upon which organizations can build and then deploy applications.  IaaS is popular in the data center where software and servers are purchased as a fully outsourced service and usually billed on usage and how much of the resource is used.

Question 24

Hybrid cloud

Answer 24

Hybrid cloud - A combination of public cloud storage and private cloud storage where some critical data resides in the enterprise’s private cloud while other data is stored and accessible from a public cloud storage provider.

Question 25

Fragment Attack

Answer 25

Fragment attack - In a fragment attack, an attacker fragments traffic in such a way that a system is unable to put data packets back together.

Question 26

Encryption

Answer 26

Encryption - The process and act of converting the message from its plaintext to ciphertext. Sometimes it is also referred to as enciphering. The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably in literature and have similar meanings.

Question 27

Encapsulation

Answer 27

Encapsulation - Enforcement of data hiding and code hiding during all phases of software development and operational use. Bundling together data and methods is the process of encapsulation; its opposite process may be called unpacking, revealing, or using other terms. Also used to refer to taking any set of data and packaging it or hiding it in another data structure, as is common in network protocols and encryption.

Question 28

DNS

Answer 28

Domain Name Service (DNS) - This acronym can be applied to three interrelated elements: a service, a physical server and a network protocol.

Question 29

DoS

Answer 29

Denial-of-Service (DoS) - The prevention of authorized access to resources or the delaying of time-critical operations. (Time-critical may be milliseconds or it may be hours, depending upon the service provided.)

Question 30

De-encapsulation

Answer 30

De-encapsulation - The opposite process of encapsulation, in which bundles of data are unpacked or revealed.

Question 31

Community Cloud

Answer 31

Community cloud - A system in which the cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy and compliance considerations). It may be owned, managed and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.

Question 32

Cloud Computing

Answer 32

Cloud computing - A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

Question 33

Bit

Answer 33

Bit - The most essential representation of data (zero or one) at Layer 1 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

Question 34

API

Answer 34

Application programming interface (API) - A set of routines, standards, protocols, and tools for building software applications to access a web-based software application or web tool.