Ch 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Question 1

Define solution.

Answer 1

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Question 2

Define an electrolyte.

Answer 2

A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water

Question 3

Every _____-_______ substance fits into one of these categories: electrolyte, or nonelectrolyte.

Answer 3

water-soluble

Question 4

Define solvent.

Answer 4

the material (often water) added in excess to dissolve another substance; the solvent keeps its original state

Question 5

Define solute.

Answer 5

the component of the solution that changes state

Question 6

If both components start in the same state, the major component is the solvent.

Answer 6

*

Question 7

What is a supernatant?

Answer 7

This refers to the liquid lying above a solid residue after crystallization, precipitation, centrifugation, or other process.

Question 8

Name the 7 strong acids.

Answer 8

hydrochloric acid (HCl)
hydrobromic acid (HBr)
hydroiodic acid (HI)
nitric acid (HNO<sub>3</sub>)

chloric acid (HClO₃)

perchloric acid (HClO₄)

sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)

Question 9

In the case of weak acids and weak bases, there is a stronger tendency for the ions to _______ than for the molecules to _______.

Answer 9

recombine

ionize

p. 131

Question 10

An electrolyte that dissociates completely is known as a ______ electrolyte. All water-soluble ionic compounds dissociate completely upon dissolving, so all water-soluble ionic compounds are ______ ________.

Answer 10

strong

strong electrolytes

p. 130

Question 11

The list of molecular compounds that are strong electrolytes is fairly short. It comprises the seven _______ _____. These compounds ionize completely, resulting in a solution that contains hydrogen ions and the corresponding anions, but essentially no ____ molecules.

Answer 11

strong acids

acid

p. 130

Question 12

Acetic acid is a _____ acid.

Answer 12

weak

Question 13

A state of _______ _______ means that both forward and reverse reactions continue to occur. However, because they are occurring at the same rate, no net change is observed over time in the amounts of reactants or products.

Answer 13

dynamic equilibrium

p. 131

Question 14

Review this flowchart to determine if a compound is a nonelectrolyte, a weak electrolyte, or a strong electrolyte.

Answer 14

Question 15

An oxidation-reduction reaction is a chemical reaction in which ________ are transferred from one reactant to another.

Answer 15

electrons

p. 144

Question 16

If an atom is reduced it _____ electrons, and if an atom is oxidized, it _____ electrons

Answer 16

gains

loses

Question 17

The agent that donates electrons is the _______ agent.

The agent that accepts electrons is the _______ agent.

Answer 17

reducing (it lowers the net charge of the other ion)

oxidizing

This is very confusing, but memorize the fact that the reducing agent gets oxidized, and the oxidizing agent gets reduced.

Question 18

Dilution is defined as…

Answer 18

…the process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.

Question 19

A _____ solution is a highly concentrated solution used to make other solutions.

Answer 19

stock

Question 20

What is the molar mass of NaCl?

Answer 20

58.44 g/mol