Ch 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Flashcards
Define solution.
a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
Define an electrolyte.
A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water
Every _____-_______ substance fits into one of these categories: electrolyte, or nonelectrolyte.
water-soluble
Define solvent.
the material (often water) added in excess to dissolve another substance; the solvent keeps its original state
Define solute.
the component of the solution that changes state
If both components start in the same state, the major component is the solvent.
*
What is a supernatant?
This refers to the liquid lying above a solid residue after crystallization, precipitation, centrifugation, or other process.
Name the 7 strong acids.
hydrochloric acid (HCl) hydrobromic acid (HBr) hydroiodic acid (HI) nitric acid (HNO<sub>3</sub>)
chloric acid (HClO3)
perchloric acid (HClO4)
sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
In the case of weak acids and weak bases, there is a stronger tendency for the ions to _______ than for the molecules to _______.
recombine
ionize
p. 131
An electrolyte that dissociates completely is known as a ______ electrolyte. All water-soluble ionic compounds dissociate completely upon dissolving, so all water-soluble ionic compounds are ______ ________.
strong
strong electrolytes
p. 130
The list of molecular compounds that are strong electrolytes is fairly short. It comprises the seven _______ _____. These compounds ionize completely, resulting in a solution that contains hydrogen ions and the corresponding anions, but essentially no ____ molecules.
strong acids
acid
p. 130
Acetic acid is a _____ acid.
weak
A state of _______ _______ means that both forward and reverse reactions continue to occur. However, because they are occurring at the same rate, no net change is observed over time in the amounts of reactants or products.
dynamic equilibrium
p. 131
Review this flowchart to determine if a compound is a nonelectrolyte, a weak electrolyte, or a strong electrolyte.
An oxidation-reduction reaction is a chemical reaction in which ________ are transferred from one reactant to another.
electrons
p. 144
If an atom is reduced it _____ electrons, and if an atom is oxidized, it _____ electrons
gains
loses
The agent that donates electrons is the _______ agent.
The agent that accepts electrons is the _______ agent.
reducing (it lowers the net charge of the other ion)
oxidizing
This is very confusing, but memorize the fact that the reducing agent gets oxidized, and the oxidizing agent gets reduced.
Dilution is defined as…
…the process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.
A _____ solution is a highly concentrated solution used to make other solutions.
stock
What is the molar mass of NaCl?
58.44 g/mol
