Ch 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Flashcards by Dana Ellis

Which Greek philosopher in the fifth century B.C. proposed that all matter consists of very small, indivisible particles?
What did he call these particles?

Democritus

atomos

p. 40

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What does ‘atomos’ mean?

uncuttable or indivisible

p. 40

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In the periodic table of the elements, the horizontal rows are called _______, and the vertical columns are called _______ or _______.

periods
groups or families

p. 50

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Elements in the same ______ tend to have similar physical and chemical properties.

group

p. 50

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What are the 3 general categories of elements?

metal, nonmetal, metalloid

p. 50

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How many nonmetal elements are there?

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Which two elements are categorized as metalloids in this text, but may not be in some lesser used sources?

Po (Polonium)
At (astatine)

p. 50

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With the exception of _______, nonmetals appear at the far right of the periodic table.

hydrogen

p. 50

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Name the 6 noble gases.

Helium (He)
Neon (Ne)
Argon (Ar)
Krypton (Kr)
Xenon (Xe)
Radon (Rn)

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An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that has a net positive or negative charge. The ions that make up an ionic compound are held together by strong electrostatic forces known as _____ _____.

ionic bonds

p. 54

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An atomic ion or monoatomic ion is one that consists of just one atom with a positive or negative charge. The loss of one or more electrons from an atom yields a ______.

cation

p. 54

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An _____ is an ion whose net charge is negative due to an increase in the number of electrons.

anion

p. 54

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The ions that make up a polyatomic ion are held together by ________ chemical bonds.

covalent

p. 55

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NH_4⁺

ammonium

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H₃O⁺

hydronium

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Hg_2²⁺

mercury (I)

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C₂H₃O₂^-

acetate

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N₃^-

azide

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CO₃^2-

carbonate

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ClO₃^-

chlorate

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ClO₂^-

chlorite

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CrO₄^2-

chromate

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CN^-

cyanide

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Cr₂O₇^2-

dichromate

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H₂PO₄^-

dihydrogen phosphate

HCO₃^-

hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate

HPO₄^2-

hydrogen phosphate

HSO₄^-

hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate

OH^-

hydroxide

ClO^-

hypochlorite

NO₃^-

nitrate

NO₂^-

nitrite

C₂O₄^2-

oxalate

ClO₄^-

perchlorate

MnO₄^-

permanganate

O₂^2-

peroxide

PO₄^3-

phosphate

PO₃^3-

phosphite

SO₄^2-

sulfate

SO₃^2-

sulfite

SCN^-

thiocyanate

Define isotope.

Atoms which have the same atomic number (Z) of an element, but different mass numbers (A). In other words, they have a different number of neutrons.

How do you represent the three isotopes of hydrogen and what are their names?

¹₁H --------\> hydrogen or protium (1 proton, no neutrons) ²₁H ----\> deuterium (1 proton and 1 neutron) ³₁H ----\> tritium (1 proton and 2 neutrons) Regardless, they all have the same atomic # (1) meaning they all have 1 proton.

The chemical properties of an element are determined primarily by the _______ and _________ in its atoms; neutrons do not take part in chemical changes under normal conditions. Therefore isotopes of the same element exhibit similar chemical properties, forming the same types of compounds and displaying similar reactivities.

protons and electrons p. 49

What does each of the following stand for?

**X** stands for the element symbol **A** represents the mass number (# protons + # of neutrons) **Z** represents the atomic number

What is the formula for the number of neutrons?

A - Z (mass number - atomic number)

What is the term for a polyatomic anion that contains one or more oxygen atoms and one atom (the "central atom") of another element?

oxoanion p. 59

According to international agreement, one atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as a mass exactly equal to ____________ the mass of one carbon-12 atom. (Carbon-12 is the carbon isotope that has six protons and six neutrons.)

one-twelfth p. 52

The mass of one carbon-12 atom, therefore, must be exactly...

....12 amu.

Why does the atomic mass of carbon on the periodic table not say "12.00", and instead says "12.01"? Well, when we measure the atomic mass of an element, we must generally settle for the _______ \_\_\_\_ of the naturally occurring mixture of isotopes. The atomic mass is not exact, it is a ________ average.

average mass weighted

the most direct and most accurate method for determining atomic a molecular masses is…

... mass spectrometry

Collectively, protons and neutrons are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

nucleons

What is the charge of the ammonium ion (NH₄^?)?

What is the charge of a hydronium ion (H₃O^?)?

What is the charge on the mercury(I) ion? Hg₂^?

What is the charge of the acetate ion? C₂H₃O₂^?

-1

What is the charge of the azide ion? N₃^?

What is the charge of the carbonate ion? CO₃^?

What is the charge of the chlorate ion? ClO₃^?

What is the charge of the chlorite ion? ClO₂^?

What is the charge of the chromate ion? CrO₄^?

What is the charge of the cyanide ion? CN^?

What is the charge on the dichromate ion? Cr₂O₇^?

What is the charge of the dihydrogen phosphate ion? H₂PO₄^?

What is the charge of the hydrogen carbonate (aka bicarbonate) ion? HCO₃^?

What is the charge of the hydrogen phosphate ion? HPO₄^?

What is the charge of the hydrogen sulfate (aka bisulfate) ion? HSO₄^?

What is the charge of the hydroxide ion? OH^?

What is the charge of the hypochlorite ion? ClO^?

What is the charge of the nitrate ion? NO₃^?

What is the charge of the nitrite ion? NO₂^?

What is the charge of the oxalate ion? C₂O₄^?

What is the charge of the perchlorate ion? ClO₄^?

What is the charge of the permanganate ion? MnO₄^?

What is the charge of the peroxide ion? O₂^?

What is the charge of the phosphate ion? PO₄^?

What is the charge of the phosphite ion? PO₃^?

What is the charge of the sulfate ion? SO₄^?

What is the charge of the sulfite ion? SO₃^?

What is the charge of the thiocyanate ion? SCN^?

What is the mnemonic you need to remember in order to name acids?

My r**ide** has **hyd**rol**ic**s. I **ate** something **ic**ky. Spr**ite** is delici**ous**.

What are the important exceptions to the acid-naming rules?

These just have an extra syllable, but follow the rule otherwise. phosph**or**ic acid (H₃PO₄) phosph**or**ous acid (H₃PO₃) sulf**ur**ic acid (H₂SO₄) sulf**ur**ous acid (H₂SO₃)

How can you remember the 7 diatomic elements?

Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer So these are our 7 diatomic elements: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen, Iodine, Chlorine, and Bromine