Ch 4 Macromolecules Flashcards
Hydrocarbons
molecules made from hydrogen and carbons
Alkanes
single bond hydrocarbons C-C
Alkenes
double bond hydrocarbons C=C
Alkynes
triple bond hydrocarbons CミC
Isomers
Same molecular formula but different structural formula
Functional Groups
Take part in chemical reactions
Hydroxyl -OH Carbonyl C=O Carboxyl COOH Amino NH2 Sulfhydryl SH Phosphate (PO4)3- Methyl CH3
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules are made of
Polymers
Polymers are made of
Monomers
How are monomers joined together
Through a process of condensation/dehydration
Condensation/dehydration
H20 is removed from the two monomers to make a polymer
O-O-O-H + H-O-O-O = H2O + O-O-O-O-O
Hydrolysis
Reverse process of dehydration–> H2O is added to polymers to break them into monomers
Carbohydrates can be (what are the units?)
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides & Polysaccharides
General Ratio of CHO in (such as in glucose)
1:2:1
When does glucose form ring structures?
In aqueous solutions
Glucosidic Linkage (in disaccharides and polysaccharides)
How monosaccharides are joined
a covalent bond formed between monosaccharides
What does the root “Glyco” mean?
sugar
Starch
how plants store polysaccharides
Glycogen
how animals store polysaccharides
What are the the two types of starch
Amylose- Unbranched
Amylopectin- Branched (structural support such as cellulose)
2 Glucose ring structures
alpha glucose–> starch - digestable
beta glucose–> cellulose - abrades digestive tract
CHITIN
type of polysaccharide found in
anthropoids –> shells
fungi –> wall
Lipids are made of
hydrocarbons
Lipids do what for organisms?
Protection
Insulation
Communication (through nerves)
Pigments
What are the three types of Lipids?
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
2 types of Fat?
Unsaturated & Saturated
Unsaturated fats…
C=C or CミC Liquid at room temp Double bonds cause a bend in the chain called a KINK Molecules loosely packed ex. olive oil, peanut oil
Saturated fats
C-C-C-C Solid at room temp Many Hydrogen atoms can be added to the Carbon Atoms as a result of the single bonds Molecules closely packed ex. Butter, Lard
Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils
Unsaturated Fatty Acids–> Saturated Fatty Acids
cis bond –> Trans Bond
“No Trans Fat”
vegetable oils—–Margarine
How much energy does fat have in comparison to polysaccharides (CHO)
art x2 as much
How do plants store fat
in their seeds
How do people store fat
Adipose tissue (under the skin)
Phospholipids
Seen in the cell membrane
2 Fatty Acids + 1 Glycerol
2 tails (lipids) ------------- Hydrophobic Head (Phosphate) ----------- Hydrophilic
Lipid Bilayer 0 0 0 0 0 0
| \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \
| / | / | / | / | / | /
| \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \
| / | / | / | / | / | /
0 0 0 0 0 0
Steroids
ex. cholesterol
(found in. the cell membrane between the lipid bilayer)
- form ring structure
- bring 2 tails together in warm
push them away in cold - maintain flexibility of cell membrane
- sex hormones
2 types of Nucleic Acid
Deoxyribonucleic Acid & Ribonucleic Acid
What is the monomer unit of Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
What are the three parts to a nucleotide
Phosphate group, Sugars & Nitrogenous bases
What is the full name of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Purines vs Pyrimidines
Purines – Adenine & Guanine
——-> 5 membered ring
Pyrimidines – Cytosine & Thymine (Uracil in RNA)
——–> 6 membered ring
Base pairing
A=T
GミC
2 strands of DNA are said to be
Antiparallel (run in the opposite direction)
Replication fork
Where the DNA unwinds and is replicated
Helicase
Cuts the H2 bonds in DNA
DNA Polymerase
Bring in new bases after DNA is cut and aligns them next to the old one (also “proofreads”)
Explain the process of protein synthesis
mRNA comes int the nucleus
mRNA brings copied code into the cytoplasm
mRNA gets modified and goes to the Ribosomes
tRNA brings the correct Amino Acids
Ribosomes + rRNA make the polypeptide chain
Triplet Codon
3 bases form an Amino Acid
Chromosomes are comprised of
DNA
DNA are comprised of
Genes
enantiomers
Each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other
What two structures can a sugar take? and what structure does it have in water
Ketone & Aldose or Ring
Where do plants store starch
Plastids
What 4 things are attached to the center of all amino acids?
1) a-Amine Group
2) a-Carboxyl Group
3) R-group (side chain) unique to each amino acid
4) a hydrogen
peptide bond
bond between amino acids
parts to an amino acid
alpha carbon, Hydrogen, Amine Group, R group (Side Chain)
Esther Linkage
Bond formed by dehydration between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group. Resulting fat is a TRIACLYGLYCEROL consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol
primary structure of a protein
sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
coils and folds of proteins, the result of hydrogen bonds between the retreating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
alpha helices
betal pleated sheets
tertiary structure
overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of various amino acids
hydrophobic interactions contribute to the protein’s unique shapes
vänder Waals interactions help hold together nonpolar amino acid chains that are close together
hydrogen bonds between polar side chains and ionic bonds between positively and negatively side chains also help hold the protein together
quaternary structure
the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits
disulfide bridges
from where two cytosine monomers (which have sulfhydrl groups) on their side chains, are brought close together by the folding of the protein. The sulfur of one cytosine bonds to the sulfur of the second, and the disulfide bridge RIVETS part of the protein together.
denaturation
when a protein unravels or loses its native shape as a result of change in pH, salt concentration, temperature or other aspects of its environment that are altered.
polynucleotides
polymer of nucleic acids
nucleotide contains
a five carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and between one to three phosphate groups
phosphodiester linkage
bond between adjacent nucleotides, which consists of a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides.
results in SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
genomics
analyzing large sets of genes and even comparing whole genes of different species
proteomics
Similar to genomics, analysis of large sets of proteins, including their sequences
