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AP Bio > Ch 4 Macromolecules > Flashcards

Ch 4 Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

molecules made from hydrogen and carbons

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2
Q

Alkanes

A

single bond hydrocarbons C-C

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3
Q

Alkenes

A

double bond hydrocarbons C=C

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4
Q

Alkynes

A

triple bond hydrocarbons CミC

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5
Q

Isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

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6
Q

Functional Groups

A

Take part in chemical reactions

Hydroxyl -OH
Carbonyl C=O
Carboxyl COOH
Amino NH2
Sulfhydryl SH
Phosphate (PO4)3-
Methyl CH3
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7
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

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8
Q

Macromolecules are made of

A

Polymers

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9
Q

Polymers are made of

A

Monomers

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10
Q

How are monomers joined together

A

Through a process of condensation/dehydration

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11
Q

Condensation/dehydration

A

H20 is removed from the two monomers to make a polymer

O-O-O-H + H-O-O-O = H2O + O-O-O-O-O

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reverse process of dehydration–> H2O is added to polymers to break them into monomers

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13
Q

Carbohydrates can be (what are the units?)

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides & Polysaccharides

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14
Q

General Ratio of CHO in (such as in glucose)

A

1:2:1

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15
Q

When does glucose form ring structures?

A

In aqueous solutions

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16
Q

Glucosidic Linkage (in disaccharides and polysaccharides)

A

How monosaccharides are joined

a covalent bond formed between monosaccharides

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17
Q

What does the root “Glyco” mean?

A

sugar

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18
Q

Starch

A

how plants store polysaccharides

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19
Q

Glycogen

A

how animals store polysaccharides

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20
Q

What are the the two types of starch

A

Amylose- Unbranched

Amylopectin- Branched (structural support such as cellulose)

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21
Q

2 Glucose ring structures

A

alpha glucose–> starch - digestable

beta glucose–> cellulose - abrades digestive tract

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22
Q

CHITIN

A

type of polysaccharide found in
anthropoids –> shells
fungi –> wall

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23
Q

Lipids are made of

A

hydrocarbons

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24
Q

Lipids do what for organisms?

A

Protection
Insulation
Communication (through nerves)
Pigments

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25
What are the three types of Lipids?
Fats Phospholipids Steroids
26
2 types of Fat?
Unsaturated & Saturated
27
Unsaturated fats...
``` C=C or CミC Liquid at room temp Double bonds cause a bend in the chain called a KINK Molecules loosely packed ex. olive oil, peanut oil ```
28
Saturated fats
``` C-C-C-C Solid at room temp Many Hydrogen atoms can be added to the Carbon Atoms as a result of the single bonds Molecules closely packed ex. Butter, Lard ```
29
Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils
Unsaturated Fatty Acids--> Saturated Fatty Acids cis bond --> Trans Bond "No Trans Fat" vegetable oils-----Margarine
30
How much energy does fat have in comparison to polysaccharides (CHO)
art x2 as much
31
How do plants store fat
in their seeds
32
How do people store fat
Adipose tissue (under the skin)
33
Phospholipids
Seen in the cell membrane 2 Fatty Acids + 1 Glycerol ``` 2 tails (lipids) ------------- Hydrophobic Head (Phosphate) ----------- Hydrophilic ``` Lipid Bilayer 0 0 0 0 0 0 | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | / | / | / | / | / | / | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | / | / | / | / | / | / 0 0 0 0 0 0
34
Steroids
ex. cholesterol (found in. the cell membrane between the lipid bilayer) - form ring structure - bring 2 tails together in warm push them away in cold - maintain flexibility of cell membrane - sex hormones
35
2 types of Nucleic Acid
Deoxyribonucleic Acid & Ribonucleic Acid
36
What is the monomer unit of Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
37
What are the three parts to a nucleotide
Phosphate group, Sugars & Nitrogenous bases
38
What is the full name of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
39
Purines vs Pyrimidines
Purines -- Adenine & Guanine -------> 5 membered ring Pyrimidines -- Cytosine & Thymine (Uracil in RNA) --------> 6 membered ring
40
Base pairing
A=T | GミC
41
2 strands of DNA are said to be
Antiparallel (run in the opposite direction)
42
Replication fork
Where the DNA unwinds and is replicated
43
Helicase
Cuts the H2 bonds in DNA
44
DNA Polymerase
Bring in new bases after DNA is cut and aligns them next to the old one (also "proofreads")
45
Explain the process of protein synthesis
mRNA comes int the nucleus mRNA brings copied code into the cytoplasm mRNA gets modified and goes to the Ribosomes tRNA brings the correct Amino Acids Ribosomes + rRNA make the polypeptide chain
46
Triplet Codon
3 bases form an Amino Acid
47
Chromosomes are comprised of
DNA
48
DNA are comprised of
Genes
49
enantiomers
Each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other
50
What two structures can a sugar take? and what structure does it have in water
Ketone & Aldose or Ring
51
Where do plants store starch
Plastids
52
What 4 things are attached to the center of all amino acids?
1) a-Amine Group 2) a-Carboxyl Group 3) R-group (side chain) unique to each amino acid 4) a hydrogen
53
peptide bond
bond between amino acids
54
parts to an amino acid
alpha carbon, Hydrogen, Amine Group, R group (Side Chain)
55
Esther Linkage
Bond formed by dehydration between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group. Resulting fat is a TRIACLYGLYCEROL consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol
56
primary structure of a protein
sequence of amino acids
57
secondary structure
coils and folds of proteins, the result of hydrogen bonds between the retreating constituents of the polypeptide backbone alpha helices betal pleated sheets
58
tertiary structure
overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of various amino acids hydrophobic interactions contribute to the protein's unique shapes vänder Waals interactions help hold together nonpolar amino acid chains that are close together hydrogen bonds between polar side chains and ionic bonds between positively and negatively side chains also help hold the protein together
59
quaternary structure
the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits
60
disulfide bridges
from where two cytosine monomers (which have sulfhydrl groups) on their side chains, are brought close together by the folding of the protein. The sulfur of one cytosine bonds to the sulfur of the second, and the disulfide bridge RIVETS part of the protein together.
61
denaturation
when a protein unravels or loses its native shape as a result of change in pH, salt concentration, temperature or other aspects of its environment that are altered.
62
polynucleotides
polymer of nucleic acids
63
nucleotide contains
a five carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and between one to three phosphate groups
64
phosphodiester linkage
bond between adjacent nucleotides, which consists of a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides. results in SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
65
genomics
analyzing large sets of genes and even comparing whole genes of different species
66
proteomics
Similar to genomics, analysis of large sets of proteins, including their sequences

AP Bio (6 decks)

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