Ch. 4 Key Terms and Concepts

Question 1

Activity-Dependent Enhancement

Answer 1

paired training of CS and US that produces an increase in the glutamate vesicles released from sensory to motor neurons.

Question 2

Appetitive Conditioning

Answer 2

conditioning in which the US is a positive event (e.g. food delivery).

Question 3

Aversive Conditioning

Answer 3

conditioning in which the US is a negative event (e.g. a shock or an airpuff to the eye).

Question 4

Blocking

Answer 4

a two-phase training paradigm in which prior training to one cue (CS1 —> US) blocks later learning of a second cue when the two are paired together in the second phase of the training

(CS1 +CS2 —> US).

Question 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 5

the trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US) that it predicts.

Question 6

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

a cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (CS) and comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

Question 7

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Answer 7

a conditioning preparation in which a subject learns to avoid a taste that has been paired with an aversive outcome (e.g. nausea).

Question 8

CS Modulation Theory

Answer 8

theories of conditioning holding that the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the CS is processed.

Question 9

Delay Conditioning

Answer 9

a conditioning procedure in which there is no temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US, and in which the CS co-terminates with the US.

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

the process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward or punishment.

Question 11

Eyeblink Conditioning

Answer 11

a classical conditioning procedure in which the US is an airpuff to the eye and the conditioned and unconditioned responses are eyeblinks.

Question 12

Homeostasis

Answer 12

the tendency of the body to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium or balance.

Question 13

Inferior Olive

Answer 13

a nucleus of cells with connections to the thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

Question 14

Interpositus Nucleus

Answer 14

one of the cerebellar deep nuclei.

Question 15

Interstimulus Interval (ISI)

Answer 15

the temporal gap between the onset of the CS and the onset of the US.

Question 16

Latent Inhibition

Answer 16

a conditioning paradigm in which prior exposure to a CS inhibits later learning of the CS-US association during acquisition training.

Question 17

Learning Rate

Answer 17

a value that can range from 0 to 1 and controls how much learning takes place after each trial.

Question 18

Prediction Error

Answer 18

the difference between what was predicted and what actually occurred.

Question 19

Purkinje Cells

Answer 19

large drop-shaped and densely branching neurons in the cerebellar cortex.

Question 20

Tolerance

Answer 20

a decrease in reaction to a drug so that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect.

Question 21

Trace Conditioning

Answer 21

a conditioning procedure in which there is a temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US.

Question 22

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 22

the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 23

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 23

a cue that has some biological significance and in the absense of prior training naturally evokes a response.

Question 24

US Modulation Theory

Answer 24

theories of conditioning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the US is processed.