Ch. 4 Hume, Kant

Question 1

What are PERCEPTIONS for Hume?

Answer 1

Contents of the mind, which come in two varieties ( impressions and ideas)

Question 2

Explain the difference between IMPRESSIONS and IDEAS

Answer 2

IMPRESSIONS = immediate data of experience
IDEAS = faint copies of impressions, whe n one remembers them

Question 3

COPY PRINCIPAL

Answer 3

All of our ideas are nothing but copies of our impressions Knowledfe ultimate derives from impresssions received through the senses (You couldnt form the idea of the taste of a kiwi unless one has actually tasted it)

Question 4

How can we use Hume’s Copy Principal to test a set of Philosophical ideas?

Answer 4

If a philosofical idea is unable to be divided into a few or several simpler ideas and then divided into their initial impressions, then there is no empirical evidence for these ideas.

Question 5

Explain the example of New Jerusalem

Answer 5

It doesn’t exist yet we can still imagine it because we have the impressions of gold and pavements, therefore the ideas of them and are able to put them together into a complex idea.

Question 6

How does Hume explain causal relation between two events or things?

Answer 6

He concludes that when we see a causal relation between two things, we are seeig CONTIGUITY, PRIORITY and CONSTANT CONUJUNCTION

Question 7

Explain COntiguity, Priority and Constant Conjunction with the Biliard example

Answer 7

THe collision of the white moving ball with the red stationary ball makes the red ball move.

Contiguity = the two balls touched one another
Priority = The motion that was the cause is prior to the motion which was the effect
COnstant Conjunction = We wukk awkas find that the impulse of the one produces motion in the other . Howevver we dont see the necessity of the red ball to mvoe

Question 8

What is the basis of all our knowledge according to hume?

Answer 8

Causal reasoning = contiguity + priority + constant conjunction

Question 9

Hume’s vision of our beliefs

Answer 9

our beliefs are merely best guesses derived from HABITUAL PASSIONS . There is no good reason to believe that science has any profound knowledge. It’s an illusion of the imagination. Reason adapts to our habits and customs,, which in turn makes us anticipate the future and believe that one thing is the cause of another

Question 10

Explain Hume’s view on free will

Answer 10

The feeling of ree will only arises when we explicitely test our will. The constant conkunction of our motives, situantions and action, is what we mean by necessity in the domain od our actions. THERE IS NO FREE WILL< onlu constan conjunction adn we are led by our instincts to conclude that there is causality.

Question 11

What is Kant’s TRANSCENDENTAL QUESTION?

Answer 11

Under which conditions do rational beings attain knowledge?

He defines ‘transcendental’ anything that is involved with the cognition of objects, raher than the objects themselves

Question 12

REMINDER !!!! For Kant,there simply IS knowledge ) for instance 7+5=12 , embodies a universal a necessary and universal knowledge)

Question 13

Synthetic judgements

Answer 13

anything that adds knowledge to the subjects

Question 14

Analytical judgements

Answer 14

tell us somthing already contained in the subject E.g A bachelor is unmarried

Question 15

A priori judgement

Answer 15

Independend of sense expereience , it stems from reason

Question 16

A posteriori judgement

Answer 16

derives from sense experiense E.g the cat is red (we percieve the color with our senses)

Question 17

Synthetic a priori judgements according to Kant

Answer 17

they are possible, and give us necessary and universal knowledge about the world E.G 7+5=12

Question 18

Noumenal world

Answer 18

The world as it is, we can’t see it and we can’t have knowledge about it

Question 19

Phenomenal world

Answer 19

The world as it appears, and of which we can hae knowledge

Question 20

What are the logical states of knowledge for Kant?

Answer 20

Four stages of knowledge:

1. First stage = we are influenced by the noumenal world, we perceive, leading to impressions or sensations. Result : Manifold of sensations
2. Second stage : we use these impressions to create appearances or instuitions, originating from our imagination and automatically placed into time and space. Result: Manifld of appearances.
3. Third Sage: in which appearances are trnasofred into eperiences. These are all created by our reason in our mind. Result : Manifold of experiences
4. Fourth stage : our reason further simplifies these experiences into species and genus wich can be seen in unity. Result: SYSTEMATIC KNOWLEDGE