Ch. 4: Human Digestion and Absorption

Question 1

What do chemicals make up

Answer 1

Molecules

Question 2

What do molecules make up

Answer 2

Cells

Question 3

What do cells make up

Answer 3

Tissues

Question 4

What do tissues make up

Answer 4

Organs

Question 5

What do organs make up

Answer 5

Organ systems

Question 6

What do organ systems make up

Answer 6

Organism

Question 7

Functions of cells

Answer 7

Absorb nutrients
Use energy
Conduct metabolic and physiological functions
Excrete waste

Question 8

What is ATP

Answer 8

Adenosine triphosphate; chemical that supplies energy for many processes and reactions

Question 9

4 types of tissue

Answer 9

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 10

What does epithelial tissue do

Answer 10

Cells that cover surfaces outside and inside the body

Question 11

What does connective tissue do

Answer 11

Supports and protects body by holding structures together, storing fat, and producing blood cells

Question 12

What does muscle tissue do

Answer 12

Contracts, relax, and permits movement

Question 13

What does nervous tissue do

Answer 13

Transmits nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

Question 14

What are microbiota

Answer 14

Bacteria residing in body

Question 15

What is a microbiome

Answer 15

Microorganisms that live in body

Question 16

What is ghrelin

Answer 16

Hormone released by stomach, which increases appetite

Question 17

4 layers of GI tract

Answer 17

Mucosa, submucosa, and muscle, and serosa

Question 18

What is the mucosa layer

Answer 18

Innermost layer; lined with epithelial cells and glands; not smooth and has lumen

Question 19

What is the submucosa layer

Answer 19

Second layer; consists of connective tissue, glands, blood vesselas, and nerves

Question 20

What is the muscle layer

Answer 20

Third layer

Question 21

2 parts of muscle layer

Answer 21

Inner layer- smooth and encircles tube

Outer layer- longitudinal muscle fiber running up and down tube

Question 22

What is the serosa layer

Answer 22

Protects GI tract and secretes fluid

Question 23

Sphincters

Answer 23

Ring-like muscles that open and close to control content flow

Question 24

Peristalsis

Answer 24

Food is mixed with digestive secretions and propelled down the GI tract

Question 25

Segmentation

Answer 25

Contractions moving contents back and forth

Question 26

What are digestive enzymes

Answer 26

Protein molecules that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions

Question 27

What are hydrolysis reactions

Answer 27

Chemical reactions that digestive enzymes catalyze

Question 28

Where are enzymes mostly produced

Answer 28

Pancreas and small intestine

Question 29

Where does digesiton occur

Answer 29

Mouth/oral cavity

Question 30

Bolus

Answer 30

Mass of food that is swallowed

Question 31

Saliva

Answer 31

Dilute, watery fluid that contains mucus, lysozymes, and amylase

Question 32

Function of mucus in saliva

Answer 32

Lubricates and holds bolus together

Question 33

Function of lysozymes in saliva

Answer 33

Kill bacteria

Question 34

Function of amylase in saliva

Answer 34

Break down starch into simple sugars

Question 35

5 tastes the tongue can detect

Answer 35

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami/savory

Question 36

Gastrin

Answer 36

Hormone made in the stomach

Question 37

What is pepsinogen converted into

Answer 37

Pepsin

Question 38

Prostaglandins

Answer 38

Hormonelike compounds that are essential for mucus production

Question 39

Function of pyloric sphincter

Answer 39

Prevents the backflow of bile into stomach

Question 40

3 sections of small intestine

Answer 40

Jujenum (middle), duodenum (first), and ileum (last)

Question 41

What do the villi make up

Answer 41

Circular folds

Question 42

What do the microvili make up

Answer 42

Villi

Question 43

What do the circular folds make up

Answer 43

Small intestine