Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Ch 4: Host Pathogen Relationships > Flashcards

Ch 4: Host Pathogen Relationships Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathology is the study of ____

A

Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Etiology is the study of _____

A

Cause of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Pathogenesis?

A

Disease process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is infection?

A

Colonization by microbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

______ is the degree of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is bacteremia?

A

Presence of bacteria in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ is generalized inflammatory response to an infection

A

Sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Difference between infection vs disease?

A

Infection is invasion by parasitic microbes (can occur without causing disease)
Disease is changes in health, damage to host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the phases of disease

A

Incubation: time between introduction of organism to onset of symptoms
Illness: individual experiences signs and symptoms of disease
Convalescence: period of recuperation and recovery, infections diseases may still spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who provided the first scientific definition of sepsis: “sepsis is a state caused by microbial invasion from a local infectious source into the bloodstream which leads to signs of systemic illness in remote organs”

A

Hugo Schottmuller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ToF: Commensalism is when one benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ToF: Mutualism is when both organisms benefit

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of host pathogen relationship is when one organism benefits and the other is harmed?

A

Parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ToF: Opportunistic pathogens normally cause disease

A

F: Do not normally cause disease, but may under some circumstances (Normal flora in wrong environment, compromised immune system, disruption of homeostasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name four portals of entry of pathogenic microorganisms

A

Mucous membranes, skin, parenteral, placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ToF: Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract are the easiest and most frequent portal of entry

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract a portal of entry for pathogens?

A

Microbes are inhaled into mouth or nose in droplets of moisture or dust particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is mucous membranes of the GIT a portal of entry?

A

Microbes gain entrance through contaminated food and water or fingers and hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Most microbes that enter the GIT are destroyed by ____ and ______

A

Hydrochloric acid and enzymes of the stomach and small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which diseases commonly enter through mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract?

A

Sexually transmitted diseases
Ex. Gonorreah, Syphilis, Chlamydiasis, HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do microbes enter through mucous membranes of the conjunctiva?

A

Mucous membranes that cover the eyeball and lines the eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ToF: Herpes ocularis commonly enters the body through mucous membranes of the conjunctiva

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name two common diseases contracted via the skin?

A

Staphylococcus infections and Mycosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ToF: The skin is not an effective barrier for microorganisms to enter

A

F: When unbroken it is an effective barrier
Some microbes can gain entrance through openings in the skin (hair follicles and sweat glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the parenteral portal of entry?

A

Microorganisms deposited into the tissues below the skin or mucous membranes through: punctures, injections, bites, scratches, surgery, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name three common diseases contracted vis parenteral

A

Cytomegalovirus, Hepatitis, HIV

27
Q

What does LD50 mean?

A

Number of microbes in a dose that kills 50% of the organisms infected in a sample

28
Q

ToF: ID50 is the number of microbes in a dose that kill 50% of the organisms infected in a sample

A

F: ID50 is the number of microbes in a dose that causes disease in 50% of the organisms infected

29
Q

Name and describe the three steps of pathogens invading an organism

A
  1. Adherence: pathogens have attachment structures (ex. Pili)
  2. Invasion/Colonization: multiply (need food, water, space) and protect from host defenses (must compete with normal flora, immunity, etc.)
  3. Cause damage: tissue destruction (ex. Toxic byproducts and degradation enzymes), production of toxins, escape of host defenses
30
Q

What is immunopathogenesis?

A

Excessive innate, immune and inflammatory responses triggered by the infection (superantigens; immune complexes precipitation)

31
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

A pathogen-produced substance that promotes the establishment and maintenance of disease

32
Q

What are the types of virulence factors?

A

Adhesion factors, evading immune response, degradative enzymes, and toxins

33
Q

What are some adhesion factors?

A

Pili: short, rigid and numerous
Adhesions: molecules that bind to specific receptors on tissues

34
Q

A _______ prevents phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils by not being ‘seen’ by these cells

A

Capsule

35
Q

__________is when antigenic similarity occurs between molecules found on some disease-causing microorganisms and specific previously healthy body cells/tissues

A

Antigenic mimicry

36
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Genetic alteration occurring in an infectious agent that causes change in antigen protein.
This stimulates the production of antibodies by the host immune systems

37
Q

ToF: Antigenic shift had been studied in influenza type A viruses

A

T: they experience this change once every 10 years

38
Q

Describe how the inhibition of phagolysosome fusion that allows pathogens to avoid immune response

A

Bacteria is enclosed in phagosome and lysosome needs to fuse to destroy it. They stop this fusion and bacteria stays alive in the phagosome

39
Q

______ attack certain types of white blood cells, preventing phagocytosis. They release and rupture lysosomes

A

Leukocidins

40
Q

What do hemolysins do?

A

Cause the lysis of red blood cells.
Ex. Streptococci

41
Q

What do coagulase do?

A

cause blood to coagulate, blood clots protect bacteria from phagocytosis from white blood cells
Ex. Staphylococci (causes boils and abscesses)

42
Q

ToF: Kinases dissolve blood clots

A

T

43
Q

ToF: Kinases do not help the spread of bacteria (bacteremia)

A

F

44
Q

What is the mechanism of Hyaluronidase?

A

Breaks down hyaluronic acid (found in connective tissues) and is a spreading factor.
It also allows bacteria to use hyaluronan as a carbon source

45
Q

Which of the following is produced by Streptococci, Staphylococci and Clostridium?
A) Kinases
B) Collagenase
C) Hemolysis
D) Hyaluronidase

A

D) Hyaluronidase

46
Q

ToF: Collagenase breaks down collagen

A

T

47
Q

ToF: Colstridium perfringens uses kinases to spread through muscle tissue

A

F: uses collagenase to spread through muscle tissue

48
Q

What is a necrotizing factor?

A

Causes death (necrosis) to tissue cells
Caused by Streptococcus class A (flesh eating bacteria)

49
Q

What are toxins?

A

Poisonous substances produces by microorganisms (can be exotoxins or endotoxins)

50
Q

What is it called when toxins are in the bloodstream?

A

Toxemia

51
Q

ToF: Exotoxins are released intracellular

A

F: released extracellularly

52
Q

How do Leukotoxins function?

A

Invoke a very strong immune response, affect T cells which release a lot of cytokines that cause severe symptoms

53
Q

How do cytotoxins damage tissues?

A

Disrupt host plasma membrane by targeting protein channels and phospholipid disruption

54
Q

What pathogen is responsible for causing symptoms of botulism, prevention transmission of signal from nerve cell to muscle cell?

A

Clostridium botulinum

55
Q

What pathogen is responsible for the symptoms of tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

56
Q

ToF: Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani are examples of neurotoxins

A

T

57
Q

ToF: Endotoxins are present in Gram positive bacteria

A

F: Gram negative bacteria

58
Q

ToF: Endotoxins are part of the outer portion of the cell wall

A

T: the lipid A portion of

59
Q

ToF: Endotoxins are not very stable and can be destroyed easily

A

F: they are very stable and cannot be destroyed easily

60
Q

Macrophages release _____ when they attack some gram negative cells. This binds to many tissues of host and may cause to blood capillaries and the blood brain barrier.

A

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

61
Q

What is the main symptom of endotoxins?

A

Pyrogenic response:
Macrophages ingests gram negative bacteria
Release interleukin-1 in bloodstream
IL-1 travels to hypothalamus and produces prostaglandins and it reset the body’s thermostat

62
Q

Name factors effecting susceptibility to resistance of host

A

Age, stress, diet, pre-existing disease, gender, behaviour, weather and the first line of defense

63
Q

What type of toxin causes leukopenia followed by leukocytosis, activation of complement, thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular clotting, loss of eater and decrease in blood pressure, and eventually death?

A

Endotoxin

Microbiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions