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microbiology > ch. 4 - eukaryotic cells + microorganisms > Flashcards

ch. 4 - eukaryotic cells + microorganisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are flagella?

A
  • allow for motility
  • microtubules slide past eachother creating whipping motion - requires energy
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2
Q

what are cillia?

A
  • similar to flagella but shorter + more numerous + all over surface
  • FOUND IN : a single group of protozoa + certain animal cells
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3
Q

what is the glycocalyx?

A
  • outermost layer (made of polysaccharides)

functions:
- for protection
- adherence of cells to surfaces
- reception of signals from other cell + environment

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4
Q

what is the cell wall?

A

fungi cell walls:
- rigid + provide structural support + shape

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5
Q

what does the cytoplasmic membrane do?

A
  • serves as a selectively permeable barrier
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6
Q

what is the nucleus?

A
  • site of eukaryotic DNA (linear chromosomes)
  • separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
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7
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A
  • found in the nucleoplasm
  • site of RNA synthesis
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8
Q

what is chromatin?

A
  • made of DNA + histone proteins
  • genetic material of the cell
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9
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

two types: rough and smooth

  • series of microscopic tunnels used in transport + storage
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10
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A
  • allows for transport of materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • ribosomes attached to membrane surface
  • protein synthesized here - held for packaging + transport
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11
Q

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A
  • closed tubular network without ribosomes
  • nutrient processing
  • storage of nonprotein macromolecules
  • lipid synthesis
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12
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A
  • factory that turns amino acids into proteins
  • site of protein modification + shipping = sends things out of the cell
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13
Q

what are lysosomes?

A
  • participate in the removal of cell debris + damaged tissue
  • contain: variety of enzymes involved in intracellular digestion of food particles + protection against invading microorganisms
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14
Q

what are vacuoles?

A
  • membrane bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted or stored
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15
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A
  • generate energy for the cell
  • takes chemicals turns them into ATP
  • located in cytoplasm, divide independently of the cell, contain circular strands of DNA, prokaryotic-sized 70s ribosomes
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16
Q

what are the chloroplasts?

A
  • capable of converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis –> producing O2 as byproduct
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17
Q

what are ribosomes?

A
  • staging areas for protein synthesis
  • scattered freely in cytoplasm + cytoskeleton
  • intimately associated w/ RER
  • 80S, combination of 60S + 40S subunits
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18
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A
  • flexible framework of molecules crisscrossing the cytoplasm

functions:
- anchoring organelles
- moving RNA + vesicles
- permitting shape changes
- movement

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19
Q

what are the three types of filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • actin filament
  • microtubules
  • intermediate tubules
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20
Q

what do actin filaments do in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • cellular movement - contraction, crawling, pinching, + formation of cellular extensions
  • long, thin protein strands
  • throughout cell, mainly just inside the cell membrane
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21
Q

what do microtubules do in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • transport substances from one part of the cell to another
  • spindle fibers play a role in mitosis
  • maintain shape - eukaryotic cells
  • long hollow tubes
22
Q

what do intermediate filaments do in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • rope-like structures
  • structural support for cell + organelles
23
Q

what are the two types of fungi?

A
  • yeasts
  • molds (mycellium)
  • 100,000 species
24
Q

what forms do fungi come in?

A
  • unicellular
  • colonies
  • complex/ multicellular (mushrooms/puffballs)
25
Q

aspects of yeast?

A
  • round to oval shape
  • asexual reproduction
  • budding
26
Q

what are hyphae?

A
  • long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi
  • pseudohypha: chain of yeast cells
27
Q

what is mycellium?

A
  • the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of mold
28
Q

what is septa?

A
  • segments found in most fungi
  • allow flow of organelles + nutrients between adjacent compartments
29
Q

what are non-septa hyphae?

A
  • consists of one, long continuous cell
30
Q

what is vegetative hyphae?

A
  • responsible for the visible mass of growth
31
Q

what are reproductive or fertile hyphae?

A
  • produces spores
32
Q

what are primary pathogens?

A
  • can sicken even healthy persons
33
Q

what are opportunistic pathogens?

A
  • attack persons who are already weakened
    ex.) HIV/AIDS patients often die of fungal infections against which healthy patients are immune
34
Q

what is mycoses?

A
  • fungal infections
  • vary in the way the pathogen enters the body + the degree of tissue involvement
35
Q

what are other harmful effects caused by fungi?

A
  • fungal cells walls give off substances - cause allergies
  • toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms cause death
  • aspergillus flavus produces a potentially lethal poison - on grain
36
Q

what are beneficial functions of fungi?

A
  • play essential role in decomposing organic matter
  • mycorrhizae –> formed stable associations w/ plant roots + increase ability to absorb water and nutrients
37
Q

what does heterotrophic mean?

A
  • to acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic substrates
38
Q

what does saprobic mean?

A
  • to obtain nutrients from the remnants of dead plants + animals
39
Q

what does parasitic mean?

A
  • to grow on the bodies of living animals or plants
40
Q

in fungus, what are spores for?

A
  • reproduction
41
Q

what are the two types of asexual spore formations?

A
  • sporangiospores
  • conidiospores
42
Q

what are spongiospores?

A
  • formed by successive cleavages within a sac-like head called sporangium attached to the stalk ** sporangiophore**
43
Q

what are conidiospores?

A
  • free spores not enclosed by spore-bearing sac
44
Q

what is sexual spore formation?

A
  • linking of genes from two parent fungi creating offspring with combinations of genes, different from that of the parent
45
Q

what are protozoa?

A
  • single celled aquatic eukaryotes
  • most are harmless, free-living inhabitants of water + soil
    ex.) malaria
46
Q

what are the ways that eukaryotes can move?

A
  • flagella - whip like motion
  • cilia - sliding motion
  • pseudopods - lurching motion
47
Q

what is a cyst?

A
  • protozoa can convert to this resistant, dormant stage when in a bad environment
  • resistant to heat, drying, + chemicals
48
Q

what is a trophozoite?

A
  • motile feeding stage requiring ample food and moisture to stay active
49
Q

what are helminths?

A
  • tapeworms, flukes, + roundworms
  • adult specimens - can typically be seen by the naked eye
50
Q

what are flat worms?

A

phylum platyhelminthes
- thin, segmented body plan
- divides into cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes)

51
Q

what are roundworms?

A

phylum aschelminthes
- also called nematodes
- elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented body

52
Q

example of helminth?

A

pin worm - enterobius vermicularis
- nematode - 2 to 12 mm long
- tapered, curved cylindrical shape
- easily treatable

microbiology (7 decks)

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