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microbiology > ch. 11 - interactions between microbes + humans > Flashcards

ch. 11 - interactions between microbes + humans Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the differences between the bacteria that resides in our bodies and those that cause disease?

A
  • they have functions

ex.) normal flora ( human microbiome)

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2
Q

what is the human microbiome?

A
  • the sum total of all microbes found on and in a normal human
  • critically important to the health + functioning of its host organism
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3
Q

what do our resident microbiota do to us?

A
  • they colonize us for the long term + do not cause disease
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4
Q

what does infection mean?

A
  • microbes get past host defenses, enter tissues, + multiply
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5
Q

what does disease mean?

A
  • deviation from health
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6
Q

what is an infectious disease?

A
  • a pathogenic state caused directly by microorganisms or their products
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7
Q

what are the types of symbiotic relationships that bacteria can live within their host through?

A
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
  • parasitism
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8
Q

what is mutualism?

A
  • both host + microbe benefit
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9
Q

what is commensalism?

A
  • the microbe benefits + the host is unaffected
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10
Q

what is parasitism?

A
  • the microbe benefits + host is harmed
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11
Q

what is microbial antagonism?

A
  • normal biota are unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes
  • limited number of attachment sites
  • chemical or physiological environment created by resident biota is hostile to other microbes
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12
Q

where do babies get a microbiome?

A
  • in utero
  • birth
  • breast milk
  • caregivers
  • environment
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13
Q

what sites harbor known normal biota?

A
  • skin + adjacent mucous membranes
  • respiratory tract
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • outer opening of urethra, external genitalia, + vagina
  • external ear canal and eye
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14
Q

what is a pathogen?

A
  • a microbe whose relationship w/ its host is parasitic + results in infection and disease
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15
Q

what is an acute disease?

A
  • quick but severe
  • fade quickly
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16
Q

what is a chronic disease?

A
  • long-term, slower to develop
  • doesn’t fade quickly
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17
Q

what is an exogenous infection?

A
  • occurs if a pathogen breaches the host’s external defense and enters sterile tissue

ex.) local and systemic diseases

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18
Q

what is a local disease?

A
  • a disease restricted to a single area
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19
Q

what is a systemic disease?

A
  • a disease that spreads to organs + systems
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20
Q

what is an endogenous infection?

A
  • occurs if normal microbiota enter sterile tissue
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21
Q

what is an opportunistic infection?

A
  • occurs when commensals take advantage of a change in the body’s environment that favors the microbe
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22
Q

what is a primary infection?

A
  • an infection that occurs in otherwise healthy bodies
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23
Q

what is a secondary/opportunistic infection?

A
  • an infection that occurs in a healthy body weakened by a primary infection
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24
Q

what are the most common portals of entry?

A
  • skin
  • G.I.
  • respiratory
  • urogenital
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25
Q

what is virulence?

A

its ability to:

  • establish itself in the host
  • cause damage

*** higher the virulence, the less infectious dose

26
Q

what is virulence factor?

A

any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to its ability to establish itself in the host + cause damage

27
Q

what is infectious dose (ID)?

A
  • the minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an infection
  • microorganisms w/ smaller infectious doses have greater virulence

ex.) ID for rickettsia is a single cell
ID for cholera is 1,000,000,000 cells

28
Q

what are the stages of disease progression?

A

1) incubation period –> time between entry of microbe + symptom appearance

2) prodromal stage –> mild signs or symptoms

3) acute period (climax) –> signs + symptoms most intense

4) period of decline –> signs and symptoms subside

5) period of convalescence –> body systems return to normal

29
Q

what are the steps involved for a microbe to cause disease?

A

1) finding a portal of entry

2) attaching firmly

3) surviving host defenses

4) causing damage (disease)

5) exiting host

30
Q

how do pathogens get around host defenses?

A
  • many pathogens have adhesins that allow them to adhere to specific tissues
  • many pathogens use phagocytosis by body cells to enter cells or pass through defenses
  • some pathogens have virulence factors –> enzymes can help pathogens resist body defenses
31
Q

what does invasiveness mean?

A
  • the ability of a pathogen to penetrate tissues + spread
32
Q

what are other virulence factors?

A
  • streptpkinase –> dissolves fibrin clots + allows dissemination of the bacteria
  • leukocidins –> disintegrate neutrophils + macrophages (WBCs of the immune system)
  • hemolysis –> dissolve RBCs
  • biofilms –> immune cells cannot reach bacterial cells covered in biofilm
  • toxic production
33
Q

why do some bacteria secrete toxins?

A
  • not to hurt us but to kill other bacteria that are trying to take over its resources
34
Q

what are the two types of toxins that bacteria can secrete?

A
  • exotoxins
  • endotoxins
35
Q

what are exotoxins?

A
  • proteins that are secreted

ex.)
- neurotoxins act on the nervous system

  • enterotoxins act on the GI tract
36
Q

what are endotoxins?

A
  • they are released upon disintegration of gram-negative bacteria
  • may cause blood coagulation + endotoxic shock
37
Q

what are antitoxins?

A
  • produced by the host body
  • neutralize toxins
38
Q

characteristics on exotoxins? (toxicity, heat denaturation at 60 degrees celsius, manner of release)

A
  • toxicity: toxic in minute amounts
  • heat denaturation at 60 degrees celsius: unstable
  • manner of release: secreted from live cell
39
Q

characteristics on endotoxins? (toxicity, heat denaturation at 60 degrees celsius, manner of release)

A
  • toxicity: toxic in high doses
  • heat denaturation at 60 degrees celsius: stable
  • manner of release: released by cell via shedding or during lysis
40
Q

what is a sign?

A

objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer

ex.)
- elevated temperature (fever)
- edema (accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue
- granulomas + abscesses (walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes in the tissues
- lymphadenitis (swollen lymph nodes)

41
Q

what is a symptom?

A

subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient

ex.) pain, soreness, fatigue

42
Q

what is a syndrome?

A

a disease identified by a certain complex of signs + symptoms

43
Q

what are major portals of exit of infectious diseases?

A
  • coughing, sneezing
  • insect bite
  • skin cells + open lesions
  • urine
  • removal of blood
  • feces
44
Q

what is a reservoir?

A
  • primary habitat where a pathogen originates/lives

ex.) human or animal carrier, soil, water, + plants

45
Q

what is a transmitter?

A

individual or object from which an infection is acquired (how it spreads)

  • syphilis: reservoir + transmitter are the same
  • hepatitis A: reservoir is a human, transmitter is food
46
Q

what are vectors (transmitters)?

A
  • biological –> purposeful spread
    ex.) tick, mosquitoes, fleas
  • accidental (mechanical) –> objects spread
    ex.) pencil, doorknob

larger animals can also spread infections:
mammals: rabies
birds: psittacosis
lizards: salmonellosis

47
Q

what is a carrier (transmitter)?

A
  • transmits
  • doesn’t get sick
48
Q

what is zoonosis?

A
  • an animals disease can now replicate in humans
  • human does not contribute to the natural persistence of the microbe
  • spread is promoted by close associations between humans + animals
49
Q

what does communicable mean (infectious)?

A
  • easily spreadable from individual to another
  • also means infectious
50
Q

what does contagious mean?

A
  • a disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact

ex.) influenza, measles –> highly contagious

hansen’s disease (leprosy) –> weakly communicable

51
Q

what does noncommunicable mean?

A
  • an infectious disease that does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host
52
Q

what does nosocomial infection mean?

A
  • infections acquired during a hospital stay
  • 2-4 million cases a year, 90,000 deaths
53
Q

what are health care-associated infections (HAIs)?

A
  • occur as result of receiving treatment for another condition

ex.) pneumonia, surgical site infection, G.I. illness, UTIs, bloodstream infections

54
Q

what is epidemiology?

A
  • study of frequency + distribution of disease and other health-care related factors in defined populations

many disciplines: anatomy, microbiology, psychology, etc.

all forms of disease: heart disease, cancerm mental illness, drug addiction

55
Q

what is prevalence?

A
  • total number of existing cases in a given population

total number of cases in population divided by total number of persons in population x 100 = %

56
Q

what is incidence?

A
  • the number of new cases over a certain time period
  • number of new cases in a designated time period divided by total number of susceptible persons (usually reported per 100,000 persons)
57
Q

what is mortality rate?

A
  • rate of death
  • measures the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease
58
Q

what does morbidity mean?

A

the amount of disease

59
Q

what is an endemic disease?

A
  • a disease that is always present in certain areas (expected)
60
Q

what is an epidemic?

A
  • a high amount of disease that is unexpected
61
Q

what is an outbreak?

A

-a high amount of disease that is unexpected but is contained

ex.) hospitals, schools, churches

62
Q

what is a pandemic?

A
  • a high amount of disease that is unexpected but is across continents

microbiology (7 decks)

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