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PASG 60100 Genetics > Ch. 4 Development and Teratogenesis > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Development and Teratogenesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 stages of human development?

A

pre-embryonic
embryonic
fetal

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2
Q

What is the pre-embryonic stage?

A

fertilization to implantation of embryo in the uterine wall

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3
Q

What is a morula?

A

earliest stage of embryo after cell division; cells are all identical

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4
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

clump of cells with an inner cell mass

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5
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

ring of flattened cells surrounding embryo

will form placenta

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6
Q

What are paracrines?

A

chemical messengers cells use to communicate

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7
Q

What structures develop from the yolk sac?

A

lining of GI tract
testes/ovaries, sperm and eggs

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8
Q

What structures does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

muscle, cartilage, bone, dermis

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9
Q

What is the first hematopoietic organ of the embryo?

A

yolk sac

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10
Q

What are teratogens?

A

any agent that will cause abnormalities to the developing fetus; dose dependent

developmental stage and time of exposure = determine which systems are affected

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11
Q

What are 4 types of teratogens?

A

P - pharmaceuticals
I - infectious agents (TORCH)
R - Recreational
I - Industrial agents

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12
Q

What is thalidomide?

A

causes phocomelia (under development of limbs)

used for severe morning sickness

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13
Q

What are the 3 recreational teratogens?

A

alcohol
tobacco
cocaine

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14
Q

What are the 3 main principles of teratogenesis?

A

dosage
time of exposure
genotype of the embryo

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15
Q

What is the TORCH complex?

A

collection of infectious microorganisms

T - Toxoplasma
O - other
R - Rubella
C - Cytomeglovirus
H - Herpes simplex virus

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16
Q

In the TORCH complex, how can one get infected with toxoplasma?

A

cats can carry in litter

17
Q

In the TORCH complex, what may “other” entail?

A

Zika virus, congenital syphillis

18
Q

In the TORCH complex, what might infection with cytomegalovirus cause?

A

still birth, blindness

19
Q

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A

fetus may develop mental deficiency and emotional disorders

20
Q

What are clinical presentations of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A
  • behavior disturbances
  • defects in: brain, cardiac, spinal
  • craniofacial anomalies
21
Q

What effects can smoking tobacco have on a developing fetus?

A

low birth weight

22
Q

What effects can using isotretinoin (Vitamin A) have on a developing fetus?

A

strong teratogen; fetal loss can occur; malformations on mesoderm development

23
Q

What is the critical period for teratogenic affects?

A

3-16 wks gestation

PASG 60100 Genetics (16 decks)

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