Ch. 4 - Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions Flashcards

0
Q

Limiting Reagent

A
  • the reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction and limits the amount of the product
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1
Q

Stoichiometry

A
  • the coefficients in a chemical reaction specify the relative amounts in moles of each of the substances involved in the reaction
  • the numerical relationships between chemical reactions in a balanced equation
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2
Q

Excess Reactant

A
  • any reactant that occurs in a quantity greater than is required to completely react with the limiting reactant
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3
Q

Theoretical Yield

A
  • the amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant
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4
Q

Actual Yield

A
  • the amount of product that is actually produced by a chemical reaction
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5
Q

Percent Yield

A
  • calculated as: actual yield ➗ theoretical yield ✖ 100%
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6
Q

Solution

A
  • a homogeneous mixture of two substances
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7
Q

Solvent

A
  • the majority component of the solution mixture
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8
Q

Solute

A
  • the minority component of the solution mixture
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9
Q

Aqueous Solution

A
  • is one which water acts as the solvent
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10
Q

Dilute Solution

A
  • one that contains a small amount of solute relative to the solvent
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11
Q

Concentrated Solution

A
  • one that contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent
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12
Q

Molarity

A
  • a common way to express solution concentration

= amount of solute (in mol) ➗ volume of solution (in L)

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13
Q

Stock Solutions

A
  • when laboratories store solutions in concentrated forms
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14
Q

Electrolytes

A
  • substances that dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity
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15
Q

Strong Electrolytes

A
  • substances that completely disassociate with into ions when they dissolve in water
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16
Q

Nonelectrolytes

A
  • compounds that do not disassociate into ions when dissolved in water
  • resulting solutions do not conducts electricity
17
Q

Strong Acid

A
  • one that completely ionizes in solution

- also strong electrolytes

18
Q

Weak Acids

A
  • they do not completely ionize in water

- also weak electrolyte solutions

19
Q

Soluble

A
  • when a compound dissolves in water
20
Q

Insoluble

A
  • when a compound does not dissolve completely in water
21
Q

Precipitate

A
  • a solid
22
Q

Precipitation Reactions

A
  • ones on which a precipitate forms when we mix two solutions
  • very common in chemistry
23
Q

Molecular Equation

A
  • an equation showing the complete neutral formulas for each compound in the reaction as if they existed as molecules
24
Q

Complete Ionic Equations

A
  • equations that list all of the ions present as either reactants or products in a chemical reaction
25
Q

Net Ionic Equations

A
  • equations that show only the species that actually change during the reaction
26
Q

Acid-Base Reaction

A
  • an acid reacts with a base and the two neutralize each other, producing water (or in some cases, a weak electrolyte)
27
Q

Gas-Evolution Reaction

A
  • a gas forms, resulting in bubbling
28
Q

Hydronium Ions

A
  • in solution in which protons normally associate with water molecules
29
Q

Polyprotic Acids

A
  • contain more than one ionizable proton and release them sequentially
30
Q

Diprotic Acid

A
  • strong in its first ionizable proton, but weak in its second
31
Q

Salt

A
  • when an acid-base reaction generally forms water and an ionic compound
32
Q

Titration

A
  • a substance in a solution of known concentration is reacted with another substance in a solution of unknown concentration
33
Q

Equivalence Point

A
  • the point in the titration when the number of moles of OH- equals the number of moles of H+ in solution
34
Q

Indicator

A
  • a dye whose color depends on the acidity or basicity of the solution
35
Q

Oxidation

A
  • the loss of electrons

- an increase in oxidation state

36
Q

Reduction

A
  • the gain of electrons

- a decrease in oxidation state

37
Q

Oxidation State

A
  • a number given to each atom based on the electron assignments
  • AKA Oxidation Number
38
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A
  • a substance that causes the oxidation of another substance
39
Q

Reducing Agent

A
  • a substance that causes the reduction of another substance
40
Q

Redox Reactions

A
  • any reaction in which there is a change in the oxidation states of atoms in going from reactants to products
  • the oxidizing agent oxidizes another substance (and is itself reduced)
  • the reducing agent reduces another substance (and is itself oxidized)