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MICROBIOLOGY Midterm#1 > CH. 4: Anatomy of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

CH. 4: Anatomy of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

example of a bacteria that adheres to plastic surfaces using a glycocalyx

A

Serratia

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2
Q

prokaryote from greek words for

A

prenucleus

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3
Q

eukaryote from greek words for

A

true nucleus

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4
Q

PROKARYOTE characteristics:

A

one circular chromosome, NOT in a membrane
no histones
no organelles
binary fission

bacteria: peptidoglycan cell walls
archaea: pseudomurein cell walls

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5
Q

EURKARYOTE characteristics:

A 
chromosomes in nucleus
histones
organelles
polysaccharide cell walls
mitosis
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6
Q

prokaryotic cell size

A

0.2-1.0 um x 2-8 um

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7
Q

most bacteria are

A

monomorphic (a few are pleomorphic)

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8
Q

basic shapes

A

bacillus, coccus, spiral, star-shaped, rectangular

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9
Q

bacillus

A

rod-shaped

ie. Bacillus anthracis

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10
Q

coccus

A

spherical

ie. Staphylococcus aureus

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11
Q

Spiral (3) examples

A

Spirilium – Campylobacter jejuni
Vibrio – Vibrio cholera
Spirochete – Treponema pallidum

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12
Q

arrangements (3)

A

pairs, clusters, chains

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13
Q

pairs

A

diplo (ie. diplococcic, diplobacilli)

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14
Q

clusters

A

staphylococci

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15
Q

chains

A

streptococci, streptobacilli

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16
Q

Glycocalyx

A 
outside cell wall
sticky
capsule: neatly organized 
slime layer: unorganized and loose
extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach 
capsules prevent phagocytosis
can be involved in virulence 
allows formation of BIOFILMS
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17
Q

examples of virulence

A

V. cholerae
B. anthracis
Streptococcus pneumonia

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18
Q

flagella located

A

outside cell wall

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19
Q

flagella made of

A

chains of FLAGELLIN

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20
Q

flagella attached TO

A

a protein hook

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21
Q

flagella anchored to the wall/membrane via

A

the basal body

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22
Q

GRAM POSITIVE bacteria

A

only one membrane layer (thicker peptido)

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23
Q

GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria

A

plasma membrane, thinner peptido, AND outer membrane

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24
Q

flagella type: peritrichous or polar

A

distributed over the entire cell (peritrichous) or at one or both ends/poles of the cell (polar)

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25
Q

monotrichous and polar

A

single flagellum at one pole

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26
Q

lophotrichous and polar

A

a tuft of flagella coming from one pole

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27
Q

amphitrichous and polar

A

flagella at both poles of the cell

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28
Q

motile cells

A

rotate flagella to run or tumble

move toward or away from stimuli (TAXIS)

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29
Q

flagella PROTEINS are

A

H antigens

e.g.: E.coli O157:H7

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30
Q

axial filaments

A

aka endoflagella
in spirochetes (axial filaments wrap around spirochetes)
anchored at one end of a cell
rotation causes cell to move

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31
Q

fimbrae allow

A

attachement

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32
Q

pili (functions)

A

facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another

& motility (Gliding motility & Twitching motility)

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33
Q

cell wall main function

A

prevents osmotic lysis

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34
Q

lysis =

A

disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane

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35
Q

cell wall maintains

A

shape, flagellum anchorage

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36
Q

cell wall made of

A

peptidoglycan (in bacteria) aka murein

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37
Q

clinical importance of cell wall:

A

target for antibiotics

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38
Q

peptidoglycan: polymer of disaccharide

A

NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) & NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid)

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39
Q

bacteria in gram + bacteria linked by

A

polypeptides

– various structures (always have tetrapeptide side chains**)

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40
Q

gram + cell wall

A

thick peptido
TEICHOIC ACIDS
may regulate movement of cations
polysaccharides provide antigenic variation

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41
Q

(gram +) lipotechoic acid links to

A

plasma membrane

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42
Q

(gram +) wall techoic acid links to

A

peptidoglycan

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43
Q

gram negative cell wall

A

thin peptido
outer membrane
PERIPLASMIC space

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44
Q

gram negative OUTER membrane

A
    • lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, phospholipids
    • forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane (location of thin peptido layer, contains degradative enzymes and transport proteins)
    • PROTECTION from PHAGOCYTES, COMPLEMET, and ANTIBIOTICS
    • PORINS (proteins) form channels through membrane
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45
Q

LPS (lipopolysaccharides) in gram negative OUTER membrane composed of 3 components:

A
  1. core polysaccharide
  2. O Polysaccharide antigen, e.g.: E.Coli O157:H7
  3. Lipid A is an ENDOTOXIN
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46
Q

gram stain mechanism:

A

crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell

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47
Q

gram positive via gram stain:

A

alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan

CV-I crystals do not leave; they retain the crystal violet stain

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48
Q

gram negative via gram stain:

A

alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidogylcan
– CV-I washes out

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49
Q

Safranin counterstain shows only in

A

gram negative cells

because the darker colour of the CVI crystals masks it in gram positive cells

50
Q

(staining) if cell walls are degraded, then

A

gram positive cells will show as gram-negative

51
Q

bacteria examples that are gram variable

A

Bacillus

Clostridium

52
Q

(atypical cell walls) acid-fast cell walls

A
  • -waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan (prevents gram stain dye uptake)
    • ie. Mycobacterium, Nocardia
    • dyed with carbolfuchsin which penetrates the cell wall and binds to cytoplasm
    • cells retain colour following washing with acid-alcohol because carbolfuchsin is more soluble in the mycolic acid than in the acid-alcohol
53
Q

(atypical cell walls) mycoplasmas

A

lack cell walls

    • sterols in plasma membrane
      ie. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
54
Q

(atypical cell walls) archaea

A

wall-less, or

walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)

55
Q

(damage to cell wall)

Lysozyme digests

A

disaccharide in peptidoglycan

56
Q

(damage to cell wall)

penicillin inhibits

A

peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

57
Q

Protoplast

A

a wall-less cell

58
Q

Speroplast

A

a gram-negative cell with its outer membrane damaged

59
Q

protoplasts and speroplasts are susceptible to

A

osmotic lysis

60
Q

L forms are

A

wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes (can return to a walled state)

61
Q

osmotic lysis

A

bursting of a cell due to excess influx of extracellular fluid which the membrane/wall cannot accommodate

62
Q

the plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • peripheral proteins
  • integral proteins
  • transmembrane proteins
63
Q

fluid mosaic model

A
  • membrane is as viscous as olive oil
  • proteins move to function
  • phospholipis rotate and move laterally
64
Q

the plasma membrane

A
  • selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
  • enzymes for ATP production
  • photosynthetic pigments
  • target
  • damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (disinfectants) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents (if you’ve managed to already destroy the cell wall, this is a second tactic you take)
65
Q

target for antimicrobial action is

A

the plasma membrane

66
Q

photosynthetic pigments of the plasma membrane located

A

on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids

67
Q

simple diffusion:

A

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

68
Q

facilitated diffusion:

A

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane (high to low areas, cell does not use energy) ie/ for water, simple sugars, vitamins, ions.

69
Q

osmosis:

A

move’t of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration

70
Q

osmotic pressure:

A

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

71
Q

water can move through the plasma membrane via (2)

A

the lipid layer

aquaporins (water channels)

72
Q

isotonic solutions

A

no net move’t of water occurs

73
Q

hypotonic solutions

A

water moves INTO the cell
if the cell wall is strong, it can contain the swelling
if the cell wall is weak/damaged, the cell bursts (OSMOTIC LYSIS)

74
Q

hypertonic solution

A

water moves OUT of the cell
causes its cytoplasm to shrink
can cause PLASMOLYSIS

75
Q

active transport:

A

requires a transporter protein and ATP

    • against the conc. gradient
    • used for ions, amino acids and simple sugars
76
Q

group translocation:

A
    • requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid PEP
    • exclusive to prokaryotes
    • keeps modified compound in the cell

In group translocation, a special form of active transport that occurs exclusively in prokaryotes, the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane. Once the substance is altered and inside the cell, the plasma membrane is impermeable to it, so it remains inside the cell. This important mechanism enables a cell to accumulate various substances even though they may be in low concentrations outside the cell.

77
Q

cytoplasm

A

the substance inside the plasma membrane

78
Q

the nucleoid

A

bacterial chromosome

79
Q

plasmids

A
  • circular prokaryotic DNA that is separate from the nucleoid
  • can have one to many
  • size of plasmid can vary
  • they can be shared by both the same and different species through a process involving conjugation of the pili
  • antibiotic resistance and virulence factors are often acquired in this way
80
Q

the PROkaryotic ribosome

A

protein synthesis
70S (50S + 30S subunits)
SMALLER AND LESS DENSE THAN EUKARYOTIC RIBOS.
–> differences allow for antibiotic targeting (e.g. streptomycin

81
Q

inclusions

A

reserve deposits within the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

    • may help reduce osmotic pressure
    • can serve as a basis for identification
82
Q 
[inclusions] 
Metachromatic granules (volutin)
A

phosphate reserves

– characteristic of Corynebacterium diptheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria

83
Q

[inclusions]

polysaccharide granules

A

energy reserves

84
Q

[inclusions]

lipid inclusions

A

energy reserves

85
Q

[inclusions]

sulfur granules

A

energy reserves

86
Q

[inclusions]

carboxysomes

A

Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase

for CO2 fixation

87
Q

[inclusions]

gas vacuoles

A

protein-covered cylinders

88
Q

[inclusions]

magnetosomes

A

iron oxide (destroys H2O2)

89
Q

endospores

A
  • resting cells
  • formed by GRAM POSITIVE cells under NUTRIENT POOR conditions
  • RESISTANT to dessication, heat, chemicals
90
Q

examples that form endospores

A

Bacillus, Clostridium

91
Q

Sporulation:

A

endospore formation

92
Q

Germination:

A

return to vegetative state

93
Q

one gram negative species that can produce endospore like structures

A

Coxiella burnetti

94
Q

flagella and cilia

A
    • contain cytoplasm
    • microtubules (Tubulin and 9 pairs + 2 array)
    • movement is different than prokaryotic flagella
95
Q

cell wall in

A

plants, algae, fungi

carbohydrates (composition)

96
Q

cell wall composition can be of

A

cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan

97
Q

protozoa have an outer protein covering called

A

a pellicle (they have no cell wall)

98
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrates extending from an animal plasma membrane

bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

99
Q

eukaryotic plasma membrane

A 
phospholipid bilayre
peripheral proteins
integral proteins
transmembrane proteins
sterols
glycocalyx carbohydrates
100
Q

sterols do what?

A

help prevent lysis

101
Q

eukaryotic plasma membrane functions

A

simple and facilitative diffusion, osmosis, active transport
endocytosis*

102
Q

endocytosis

A
  1. phagocytosis: pseudopods extend and engulf particles
  2. pinocytosis: membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substance
  3. receptor-mediated: binding results in inward folding of the membrane (can bring in viruses)
103
Q

cytoplasm membrane:

A

substance inside plasma and outside nucleus

104
Q

cytosol:

A

fluid portion of cytoplasm

105
Q

cytoskeleton:

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

106
Q

cytoplasmic streaming:

A

movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

107
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

  • 80S (60S/40S subunits)
  • membrane bound: attached to ER
  • free: in cytoplasm
  • 70S
  • in chloroplasts and mitochondria
108
Q

nucleus

A

contains chromosomes

109
Q

ER

A

transport network

110
Q

golgi complex

A

membrane formation and secretion

111
Q

lysosome

A

digestive enzymes

112
Q

vacuole

A

brings food into cells and provides suport

113
Q

mitochondrion

A

cellular respiration (matrix)

114
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthesis (granum – made up of thylakoids)

115
Q

peroxisome

A

oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H202

116
Q

centrosome

A

consists of protein fibers and centrioles

117
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

According to the endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotic cells.

118
Q

evidence for endosymbiotic theory:

A
  • size and shape of chloroplasts and MITOCHONDRIA
  • ribosomes
  • DNA
  • mechanisms of protein synthesis
  • effects of antibiotics
119
Q

3 organelles associated with the golgi complex:

A
  1. peroxisomes
  2. mitochondria
  3. lysosomes
120
Q

flagella are much more ___ in eukaryotic cells

A

complex

121
Q

prokaryotes do not have ____

A

cilia

MICROBIOLOGY Midterm#1 (4 decks)

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