CH. 1: The Microbial World & You Flashcards
1
Q
microorganisms are
A
too small to be seen w/ unaided eye
2
Q
microorganisms (7)
A
bacteria archaea fungi (yeasts and molds) protozoa microscopic algae viruses multicellular animal parasites
3
Q
germ
A
rapidly growing cell
4
Q
disease-causing
A
pathogenic
5
Q
microbes & their beneficial processes for ex.:
A
- decomp of organic waste
- producers (via photosynthesis)
- produce industrial chemicals (ie. ethanol and acetone)
- produce fermented foods (vinegar, cheese, bread)
- produce products used in manufacturing (ie. cellulose) and disease treatment (ie. insulin)
- are normal microbiota that maintain good health
6
Q
genetic engineering
A
microbes manipulated to produce what we want
7
Q
cotton from
A
Gluconacetobacter xylinus
8
Q
stone-washing from
A
Trichoderma fungus cellulose
9
Q
indigo from
A
E. coli
10
Q
E.coli uses ______ to produce indigo
A
tryptophan
11
Q
bleaching
A
mushroom peroxidase produced from yeast
12
Q
plastic
A
bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate, an ester
13
Q
microOs allow humans to (3)
A
- prevent food spoilage
- prevent disease occurrence
- develop aseptic techniques
14
Q
person who established the naming system
A
Carolus Linnaeus
15
Q
naming system
A
genus name first; italicized and capitalized
specific name second, italicized and lowercase
Can be abbreviated with first letter and (.) after first use
16
Q
Staphylococcus aureus
A
staphylo = clustered cocci = spherical cells aureus = gold-clustered colonies seen
17
Q
Escherichia coli
A
E. = scientist who discovered coli = intestine
18
Q
BACTERIA characteristics:
A
- unicellular
- prokaryotes
- several shapes (bacillus, coccus, spiral, star-shaped or square)
- genus/species appearance (pairs, chains, clusters and other groupings)
- HAVE PEPTIDOGLYCAN CELL WALLS OF VARYING THICKNESS
- binary fission
- energy: use organic and inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
- may move VIA FLAGELLA
19
Q
ARCHAEA characteristics:
A
- prokaryotic
- LACK PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- live in extreme environments
- have THREE groups
- usually NOT pathogenic/disease causing
20
Q
distinguishing feature of bacteria and archaea
A
peptidoglycan cell walls (archaea lack peptido, bacteria has it)
21
Q
3 groups of ARCHAEA:
A
Methanogens
Extreme Halophiles
Extreme Thermophiles
22
Q
methanogens
A
methane as a by-product of respiration
23
Q
extreme halophiles
A
live in extremely salty environments ie. dead sea/great salt lake
24
Q
extreme thermophiles
A
live in hot sufurous waters ie. hot springs
25
FUNGI characteristics
- - EUKARYOTES
- - CHITIN cell walls
- - organic chemicals for energy
- -multi or unicellular
- - sexual and asexual reproduction
- - absorb solutions of organic material from environment - soil, water, animals, plants
26
Molds and Mushrooms are _____cellular
| Yeasts are ___cellular
```
Molds/mushrooms = multi
Yeasts = unicellular
```
27
molds and mushrooms consist of masses of ______, which are composed of filaments called ______
mycelia
| hyphae
28
PROTOZOA characteristics:
- - EUKARYOTES
- - UNIcellular
- - absorb or ingest organic chemicals
- - may be motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella
- - free living or parasitic
- - some are photosynthetic
- - sexual or asexual repro
29
pseudopods
false feet -- amebae move in this way
| protozoa
30
a photosynthetic protozoa
Euglena
31
ALGAE characteristics (most similar to plants):
- - EUKARYOTES
- - cellulose cell walls
- - use photosynthesis for energy
- - produce molecular O2 and organic compounds
- - sexual or asexual reproduction
32
VIRUSES characteristics (the most different):
- - ACELLULAR
- - consist of DNA or RNA core
- - core is surrounded by a protein coat
- - coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelop
- - are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
- - living when in a host cell, non-living when outside of a host cell as they cannot self-replicate
33
MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL PARASITES
- - not strictly microOs
- - medical importance
- - eukaryotes
- - multicellular animals
- - microscopic stages in life cycles
34
parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called
helminths
35
the parasitic guinea worm
Dracunculus medinesis (removal is slow b/c if it breaks, will release toxins that cause shock)
36
who devised the system based on cellular organization
Carl Woese
37
Three domains:
1. bacteria -- have peptido
2. archaea -- lack peptido
3. eukarya -- have nucleus
38
eukary domain contains
protists (slime molds, protozoa, algae)
fungi (yeasts, molds, mushrooms)
plants (mosses, ferns, cornifers)
animals (sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates)
39
ancestors of _____ were the first life on earth
bacteria
40
first microbes observed in
1673
41
robert hook (first)
living things composed of little boxes, or cells
| marked the beginning of cell theory
42
rudolf virchow (second)
said cells arise from **pre-existing cells**
| challenged the theory of spontaneous generation
43
Cell Theory
all living things are composed of cells, which come from pre-existing cells
44
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
described live microOs which he called "animalcules
45
spontaneous generation
hypothesis that living organisms arise from non-living matter; a "vital force" forms life
46
biogenesis
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from pre-existing life
47
Francesco REDI
decaying meat in jars experiment (one with and one without net)
but the maggots came from the air/flies exposed to
supports biogenesis (jar with net = no maggots/flies, open jar = maggots/flies)
48
John NEEDHAM
put boiled nutrient broth in covered flasks
had microbial growth in them
at the time this supported spont. generation (but we know the microbes came from elsewhere)
49
Lazarro SPALLANZANI
boiled nutrient solutions in flasks and then sealed them = NO microbial growth
supports BIOGENESIS
50
Louis PASTEUR (1861)
demonstrated that microOs are presentin the air
nutrient broth in flask, heated, NOT sealed = growth
same thing but sealed = NO growth
supports BIOGENESIS
his S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in
demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
51
golden age of microbiology
1857-1914:
beginning with Pasteur's work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
52
fermentation
the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
pasteur showed microbes are responsible for this process
bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid)
pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enought to evaporate the alcohol in wine
53
pasteurization
the application of high heat for a short time to reduce microbial levels
54
Germ Theory of Disease:
| people in order
```
Agostino BASSI
Pasteur
Ignaz SEMMELWEIS
Joseph LISTER
Robert KOCH
```
55
agostino BASSI
showed that a silworm disease was caused by a fungus
56
Pasteur
showed that another silkworm diesase was caused by a protozoan
57
Ignaz SEMMELWEIS
advocated for handwashing --- to prevent transmission or PEURPURAL fever from one obs pt to another
58
Joseph LISTER
used a chemical disinfectant (PHENOL) to prevent surgical wound infections; proved that microbes cause surgical wound infections
59
Robert KOCH
proved that bacterium causes ANTHRAX and provided the experimental steps
60
Koch's Postulates
are established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease
61
vaccination
Edward JENNER
| inoculated someone with a COWPOX virus, who was then protected from SMALLPOX
62
chemotherapy
treatment with chemicals (can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics)
63
antibiotics
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
64
Quinine
from tree bark was used to treat malaria
65
Paul EHRLICH
speculated about a "magic bullet" that could kill a pathogen without harming the host
66
in 1910, Ehrlich developed
a synthetic arsenic drug, Salvarsan, to treat syphillis
67
in 1928, Alexander FLEMING discovered
the first antibiotic (by accident)
68
Fleming observed
Penicillum fungus made an antibiotic that killed S.aureus
69
Penicilin
tested clinically and mass produced in the 1940s
70
bacteriology
study of bacteria
71
mycology
study of fungi
72
virology
study of viruses
73
parasitology
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
74
immunology
study of immunity (vaccines and interferons being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases)
75
interferons
proteins released by animal cells, usually in response to entry of a virus, that has the property of inhibiting virus replication (anti-viral defense)
76
Rebecca LANCEFIELD in 1933
proposed identifying some bacteria according to serotypes; she classified streptococci according to serotypes
77
serotypes
variants within a species
78
microbial genetics
the study of how microbes inherit traits
79
molecular biology
the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
80
genomics
the study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microOs
81
recombinant DNA
DNA made from two different sources
82
Paul BERG
in 1960s, PAUL BERG inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and the bacteria produced an animal protein
83
George BEADLE and Edward TATUM (1941)
showed that genes encode a cell's enzymes
84
Oswald AVERY, Colin MACLEOD & Maclyn McCARTY (1944)
showerd that DNA is the heredity material
85
(1953) James WATSON and Francis CRICK
model for the structure of DNA and its replication proposed
86
(1961) Francois JACOB and Jacques MONOD
discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis (later made the first discoveries aout regulation of gene function)
87
microbial ecology
bacteria recucle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorous that can be used by plants and animals
88
bioremediation
bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage
| bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury
89
biological insecticides
microbes that are pathogenic to the insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to crops and disease transmission
90
example of a biological insecticide
Bacillus thuringiensis -- fatal in many insects but harmless to plants/animals/humans
91
biotechnology
the use of microbes to produce food and chemicals
92
example of biotechnology
making cheddar cheese; the milk has been coagulated by the action of rennin (forming curd) and is inoculated with ripening bacteria for flavour and acidity
93
recombinant DNA technology
new technique for biotechnology
| enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, including vaccines and enzymes
94
gene therapy
can replace missing or defective genes in human cells
95
normal microbiota
microbes normally present in and on the human body
- > preven growth of pathogens
- > produce growth factors, such as folic acid and vit K
96
resistance
the ability of the body to ward off disease
97
resistance factors include:
skin
mucous membranes
stomach acid
antimicrobial chemicals
98
biofilms
microbes that attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses (rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants)
99
example of biofilm
staphylococcus on a catheter
100
disease results when
a pathogen overcomes the host's resistance
101
emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
are new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
102
Avian Influenza A
- influenza A virus (H5N1)
- in waterfowl and poultry
- sustained human to human transmission has not occured yet
103
MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus)
1950s: penicillin resistance developed
1980s: methicillin resistance
1990s: MRSA resistance to VANCOMYCIN reported
- --> VISA (vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S.aureus)
- --> VRSA (vancomycin-resistant S. aureus)
104
West Nile Encephalitis
caused by west nile virus
- - first dx in west nile region of Uganda in 1937
- - NY in 1999
- - in non-migratory birds in 48 states
ie. Culex mosquito engorged with human blood
105
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
aka mad cow disease
caused by a PRION (an infectious protein)
found in cattle that have been fed sheep offal *organ meats* for protein
has holes under a microscope
106
prions
infectious proteins
107
prions also cause
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
| - new variant of CJD in humans similar to the prion that causes BSE
108
Escherichia Coli O157:H7
toxin producing strain of E.coli
first seen in 1982
leading cause of diarrhea worldwise
enterhemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) causes pedestal formations
109
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
causes fever, hemorrhaging, blood clotting
| first ID'd near ebola river, Congo
110
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium(italicized) protozoa
--> causes Oocysts on the intestinal mucosa
first reported in 1976
-- causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries
in the US, transmitted via water (ie. wisconsin example)
111
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
first IDd in 1981
-- unusual variety of pneumonia killed several young men
-- correlated with Kaposi's sarcoma in this group
worldwide epidemic infecting 33 million people; 7500 new infections daily
STI affecting males and females
