Ch 4 Flashcards
What is the information processing model? What are it’s four main tenets?
The information processing model is the view that the human mind can be likened to a computer (or at least how it functions)
- Thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage
- Brain has to analyze stimuli
- can take info from one situation and apply it to others
- Problem solving involves the person, the context, and complexity
According to Piaget how do infants learn?
Infants learn by doing, they interact instinctually with object and learn through those interactions
What is Adaptation? What are it’s 2 processes
Adaptation is learning new information within a schema system.
- Assimilation–> is when information is close enough to the existing schema that it can just be put under that schema
- Accomodation–> when information does not fit the appropriate schema meaning that the schema needs to be tweaked to fit the new information.
What are Piagets 4 developmental stages? What is characteristic of each?
Sensorimotor–> Learning to manipulate environment to meet needs
Preoperational–> symbolic thinking egocentrism and centration
Concrete operational–> can understand conservation, and consider others perspectives. But they can only do logic in the concrete domain
Formal operational–> Logic thinking about abstract ideas
What are primary and secondary circular reactions? What stage are they a part of?
sensorimotor
Primary–> chance body movements that end up feeling soothing to the child so they are repeated
Secondary–> Manipulation of the environment that are repeated because of the environments response
Milestone that ends sensorimotor stage?
Understanding of object permanence
Representational thought
It is when a child can hold representations of external objects in their minds
Explain each: Symbolic thinking Egocentricsm Centration Conservation What stage are they a part of?
Symbolic thinking–> ability to pretend and have a imagination
Egocentricsm–> inability to understand that the thoughts of other are different then your own
Centration–> is when you only focus on one aspect of the sitation
Conservation–> don’t understand that different quantities can actually be the same amount
Lev Vygotsky’s theory of development?
Cognitive development is driven by a child internalizing their environment
Fluid Intelligence vs Crystallized intelligence
Fluid–> Problem solving skills
Crystalized–> LEarned skills and knowledge
What is a predictor of intelligence decline in older adults?
The ability of them to perform the basic actions of daily living
What is delerium?
It is a rapid fluctuation of cognitive functioning that is caused by medical reasons
What is a mental set?
A group of specific ways to approach a problem
What is functional fixedness? How is it displayed by Duncker’s candle problem?
Functional fixedness is the innability to imagine using an object for a function it was not designed for. Duncker’s candle problem shows this by most people not realizing they can use the match box as a candle holder
Explain each approach to problem solving: Trial and Error- Algorithms- Deductive Reasoning- Inductive Reasoning-
Trial and Error- few possible solutions this works well
Algorithms- Set of directions to solve a problem
Deductive Reasoning- Top down, Starting at general rules and applying it to the evidence
Inductive Reasoning- Bottom up, looking at the evidence and formulating a hypothesis/theory
Availability Heuristic
Making a decision off the most salient available information not the actual base rates
Representativeness heuristic
Categorizing items based off whether they fit into the category you hold in your head (schema)
Base rate falacy
Ignoring actual mathamatical frequencies for more prototypic or cicumstantial evidence
Dis-conformation principle
If something fails during tested it should be discarded or changed (instead of looking for evidence that it works)
Intuition
Acting on impulses that are not supported by evidence
Recognition Primed decision model
It is intuition. Seeing patterns and interpretting them using expertice
What are the components of Gardner’s multiple intelligence model?
Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, musical, visual spatial, bodily-kinesthetuc, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
Explain the characteristics of each sleep stage? Awake Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 REM
Awake–> Beta= concentrating and awake
Alpha= eyes closed day dreaming (Slower
waves)
Stage 1–> Theta waves begin which are slower than alpha
Stage 2–> Theta waves with sleep spindles (Burst of low voltage fast waves), and K complex (High voltage ship (looks like depolarization)
Stage 3/4–> Slow wave sleep (delta waves) slowing until very little activity. Memory consolidation (declarative) and recovery, growth hormone
REM–> Same as alert (Beta waves) only you are paralyzed, most dreaming occurs, Procedural memory
How does sleep change as age progresses?
The sleep cycle becomes longer and you get less slow wave sleep
2 hormones responsible for the circadium rhythm? Where do they come from?
Melatonin–> pineal gland
Cortisol–> adrenal cortex
What is the pathway for cortisol?
Light causes CRF release from hypothalamus, which cause ACTH release from anterior pituitary, which causes cortisol release from the adrenal meduliary
Explain each dream theory: Activation-synthesis Problem-solving Cognitive process Neurocognitive
Activation-synthesis–> random activation across the cortex gets interpretted and results in dreams
Problem-solving–> Allow problem solving in a domain untethered from reality
Cognitive process–> It’s just cognition when asleep (you are just thinking about things)
Neurocognitive–> unify biological and psychological perspectives
Dyssomnias vs Parasomnias
Dyssomnias–>Disrupt sleep
Parasomnias–>Happen along with sleep
Hypnagogic and hypnopompic halucinations
While falling asleep or while waking up
What stage of sleep do night terrors and sleepwalking occur in?
Slow wave sleep (3 and 4)
What happens when a sleep deprived person finally gets a good night of sleep?
They experience REM rebound (extended periods of REM to compensate partially for the loss)
Which type of sleep occurs in Narcolepsy?
REM
What stage of sleep does a meditative state resemble?
Stage 1 (theta waves) or slow alpha waves
What brain effects do alcohol cause?
Decreases brain activity and increasing GABA receptor activity–> more hyperpolarization
Increases dopanmine levels
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
It is a disorder cause by vitamin B1 deficiency usually caused by alcoholism. Causes the loss of memory and motor skills
What brain effects do Barbituates cause?
Increased GABA activity
What brain effects do Amphetamines cause?
increase relase of and decrease reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
What brain effects do Cocaine cause?
decrease reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
What brain effects do Ecstasy cause?
Similar to other amphetamines with hallucinogenic effects
What do Opiates do?
They bind to opiode receptors in the brain decrese pain and increase euphoria
Opiates vs Opioids
Opiates are naturally occuring, Opiods are semi synthetic
What effect does THC have on the brain?
Increases GABA and dopamine
What is the mesolimbic pathway? What is it involved in? What neurotransmitter is dominant?
Nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, medial forebrain bundle, drug adiction, dopamine
Sensorium
The sensory environment
Attention
Concentration on one aspect of the sensorium
Selective attention theory? What is wrong with it?
We select one part of the environment to attend to and everything else is thrown out. But we see many examples of unconcious awarness and things catching our attention so some background processingg must be occuring
What kind of tasks can be performed with divided attention?
Any task for which you are practiced enough to perform it using automatic processing
Describe each component of language: Phonemes Morphemes Semantic Syntax Pragmatics
Phonemes–> Smallest sounds fragments contained in a language
Morphemes–>Word fragments that are combined to create whole words
Semantic–> The meaning of combinations of morphemes
Syntax–> How words are combined to create sentences
Pragmatics–> The prosody of our speech and how the environment dictates the words we choose
Describe the development of language
9-12 months Babbling 12-18 months One word per month 18-20 months Explosion of language leading to word combinations 2-3 years Longer sentences 5 years Language rules learned
What are errors of language growth?
Grammatical morpheum errors and word choice errors
Describe each language theory:
Nativist (biological)
Learning (Behaviorist)
Social Interactionist
Nativist (biological)–>Chompsky says that we have a innate ability to learn language. It is biologically ingrained in us, and develops because of biological with in a critical and sensitive period development.LAD (language acquisition device)
Learning (Behaviorist)–> Skinner everything is learned through operant conditioning
Social Interactionist–> The iological systems are developing and interacting with the social environment (seeking out stimulation) in order for development
When is the sensitive period for language development?
Up to puberty
Whorfian/Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Our perception is linked to the language we speak. People who speak different languages see the world and think about the world differently
Where is Brocha’s area? What is it responsible for?
Inferior frontal gyrus, motor function of speech
Where is Wernicke’s area? What is it responsible for?
Superior temporal gyrus, comprehension of speech
What structure connects Brocha’s and Wernickes area? What is it responsible for?
The arcuate fasciculus. It allows the integration of comprehension and production
What is conduction aphasia?
It is damage to the arcuate fasciculus where the patient cannot repeat speech that someone said to them ( because comprehension and production are separated.
