Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Behavioral Sciences > Ch 4 > Flashcards

Ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the information processing model? What are it’s four main tenets?

A

The information processing model is the view that the human mind can be likened to a computer (or at least how it functions)

  1. Thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage
  2. Brain has to analyze stimuli
  3. can take info from one situation and apply it to others
  4. Problem solving involves the person, the context, and complexity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

According to Piaget how do infants learn?

A

Infants learn by doing, they interact instinctually with object and learn through those interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Adaptation? What are it’s 2 processes

A

Adaptation is learning new information within a schema system.

  1. Assimilation–> is when information is close enough to the existing schema that it can just be put under that schema
  2. Accomodation–> when information does not fit the appropriate schema meaning that the schema needs to be tweaked to fit the new information.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Piagets 4 developmental stages? What is characteristic of each?

A

Sensorimotor–> Learning to manipulate environment to meet needs
Preoperational–> symbolic thinking egocentrism and centration
Concrete operational–> can understand conservation, and consider others perspectives. But they can only do logic in the concrete domain
Formal operational–> Logic thinking about abstract ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are primary and secondary circular reactions? What stage are they a part of?

A

sensorimotor

Primary–> chance body movements that end up feeling soothing to the child so they are repeated

Secondary–> Manipulation of the environment that are repeated because of the environments response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Milestone that ends sensorimotor stage?

A

Understanding of object permanence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Representational thought

A

It is when a child can hold representations of external objects in their minds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
Explain each:
Symbolic thinking
Egocentricsm
Centration
Conservation
What stage are they a part of?
A

Symbolic thinking–> ability to pretend and have a imagination
Egocentricsm–> inability to understand that the thoughts of other are different then your own
Centration–> is when you only focus on one aspect of the sitation
Conservation–> don’t understand that different quantities can actually be the same amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lev Vygotsky’s theory of development?

A

Cognitive development is driven by a child internalizing their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fluid Intelligence vs Crystallized intelligence

A

Fluid–> Problem solving skills

Crystalized–> LEarned skills and knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a predictor of intelligence decline in older adults?

A

The ability of them to perform the basic actions of daily living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is delerium?

A

It is a rapid fluctuation of cognitive functioning that is caused by medical reasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a mental set?

A

A group of specific ways to approach a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is functional fixedness? How is it displayed by Duncker’s candle problem?

A

Functional fixedness is the innability to imagine using an object for a function it was not designed for. Duncker’s candle problem shows this by most people not realizing they can use the match box as a candle holder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
Explain each approach to problem solving:
Trial and Error-
Algorithms-
Deductive Reasoning-
Inductive Reasoning-
A

Trial and Error- few possible solutions this works well
Algorithms- Set of directions to solve a problem
Deductive Reasoning- Top down, Starting at general rules and applying it to the evidence
Inductive Reasoning- Bottom up, looking at the evidence and formulating a hypothesis/theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Making a decision off the most salient available information not the actual base rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Categorizing items based off whether they fit into the category you hold in your head (schema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Base rate falacy

A

Ignoring actual mathamatical frequencies for more prototypic or cicumstantial evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dis-conformation principle

A

If something fails during tested it should be discarded or changed (instead of looking for evidence that it works)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intuition

A

Acting on impulses that are not supported by evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Recognition Primed decision model

A

It is intuition. Seeing patterns and interpretting them using expertice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the components of Gardner’s multiple intelligence model?

A

Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, musical, visual spatial, bodily-kinesthetuc, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q 
Explain the characteristics of each sleep stage?
Awake
Stage 1 
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
REM
A

Awake–> Beta= concentrating and awake
Alpha= eyes closed day dreaming (Slower
waves)
Stage 1–> Theta waves begin which are slower than alpha
Stage 2–> Theta waves with sleep spindles (Burst of low voltage fast waves), and K complex (High voltage ship (looks like depolarization)
Stage 3/4–> Slow wave sleep (delta waves) slowing until very little activity. Memory consolidation (declarative) and recovery, growth hormone
REM–> Same as alert (Beta waves) only you are paralyzed, most dreaming occurs, Procedural memory

24
Q

How does sleep change as age progresses?

A

The sleep cycle becomes longer and you get less slow wave sleep

25
Q

2 hormones responsible for the circadium rhythm? Where do they come from?

A

Melatonin–> pineal gland

Cortisol–> adrenal cortex

26
Q

What is the pathway for cortisol?

A

Light causes CRF release from hypothalamus, which cause ACTH release from anterior pituitary, which causes cortisol release from the adrenal meduliary

27
Q 
Explain each dream theory:
Activation-synthesis
Problem-solving
Cognitive process
Neurocognitive
A

Activation-synthesis–> random activation across the cortex gets interpretted and results in dreams
Problem-solving–> Allow problem solving in a domain untethered from reality
Cognitive process–> It’s just cognition when asleep (you are just thinking about things)
Neurocognitive–> unify biological and psychological perspectives

28
Q

Dyssomnias vs Parasomnias

A

Dyssomnias–>Disrupt sleep

Parasomnias–>Happen along with sleep

29
Q

Hypnagogic and hypnopompic halucinations

A

While falling asleep or while waking up

30
Q

What stage of sleep do night terrors and sleepwalking occur in?

A

Slow wave sleep (3 and 4)

31
Q

What happens when a sleep deprived person finally gets a good night of sleep?

A

They experience REM rebound (extended periods of REM to compensate partially for the loss)

32
Q

Which type of sleep occurs in Narcolepsy?

A

REM

33
Q

What stage of sleep does a meditative state resemble?

A

Stage 1 (theta waves) or slow alpha waves

34
Q

What brain effects do alcohol cause?

A

Decreases brain activity and increasing GABA receptor activity–> more hyperpolarization
Increases dopanmine levels

35
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?

A

It is a disorder cause by vitamin B1 deficiency usually caused by alcoholism. Causes the loss of memory and motor skills

36
Q

What brain effects do Barbituates cause?

A

Increased GABA activity

37
Q

What brain effects do Amphetamines cause?

A

increase relase of and decrease reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

38
Q

What brain effects do Cocaine cause?

A

decrease reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

39
Q

What brain effects do Ecstasy cause?

A

Similar to other amphetamines with hallucinogenic effects

40
Q

What do Opiates do?

A

They bind to opiode receptors in the brain decrese pain and increase euphoria

41
Q

Opiates vs Opioids

A

Opiates are naturally occuring, Opiods are semi synthetic

42
Q

What effect does THC have on the brain?

A

Increases GABA and dopamine

43
Q

What is the mesolimbic pathway? What is it involved in? What neurotransmitter is dominant?

A

Nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, medial forebrain bundle, drug adiction, dopamine

44
Q

Sensorium

A

The sensory environment

45
Q

Attention

A

Concentration on one aspect of the sensorium

46
Q

Selective attention theory? What is wrong with it?

A

We select one part of the environment to attend to and everything else is thrown out. But we see many examples of unconcious awarness and things catching our attention so some background processingg must be occuring

47
Q

What kind of tasks can be performed with divided attention?

A

Any task for which you are practiced enough to perform it using automatic processing

48
Q 
Describe each component of language:
Phonemes
Morphemes
Semantic
Syntax
Pragmatics
A

Phonemes–> Smallest sounds fragments contained in a language
Morphemes–>Word fragments that are combined to create whole words
Semantic–> The meaning of combinations of morphemes
Syntax–> How words are combined to create sentences
Pragmatics–> The prosody of our speech and how the environment dictates the words we choose

49
Q

Describe the development of language

A 
9-12 months Babbling
12-18 months One word per month
18-20 months Explosion of language leading to word combinations
2-3 years Longer sentences
5 years Language rules learned
50
Q

What are errors of language growth?

A

Grammatical morpheum errors and word choice errors

51
Q

Describe each language theory:
Nativist (biological)
Learning (Behaviorist)
Social Interactionist

A

Nativist (biological)–>Chompsky says that we have a innate ability to learn language. It is biologically ingrained in us, and develops because of biological with in a critical and sensitive period development.LAD (language acquisition device)
Learning (Behaviorist)–> Skinner everything is learned through operant conditioning
Social Interactionist–> The iological systems are developing and interacting with the social environment (seeking out stimulation) in order for development

52
Q

When is the sensitive period for language development?

A

Up to puberty

53
Q

Whorfian/Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

Our perception is linked to the language we speak. People who speak different languages see the world and think about the world differently

54
Q

Where is Brocha’s area? What is it responsible for?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus, motor function of speech

55
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area? What is it responsible for?

A

Superior temporal gyrus, comprehension of speech

56
Q

What structure connects Brocha’s and Wernickes area? What is it responsible for?

A

The arcuate fasciculus. It allows the integration of comprehension and production

57
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

It is damage to the arcuate fasciculus where the patient cannot repeat speech that someone said to them ( because comprehension and production are separated.

Behavioral Sciences (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions