Ch 4 & 5: Developing Through the Life Span & Chapter 4 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity (pg 154-161)

Question 1

X chromosome

Answer 1

denotes female sex chromosome

Question 2

Y chromosome

Answer 2

denotes male sex chromosome

Question 3

Testosterone

Answer 3

promotes male sex organ development, triggered 7 weeks after conception

Question 4

Estrogens

Answer 4

main female sex hormones

Question 5

Primary sex characteristics:

Answer 5

the body structures, such as the ovaries, testes, and external genitalia that makes sexual reproduction possible

Question 6

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 6

nonproductive, sexual traits, such as female, breath and hips, male voice, quality, and body hair

Question 7

Supermarche

Answer 7

first ejaculation happens around 14yrs

Question 8

Menarche

Answer 8

first menstrual period happens within a year of 12.5 years old

Question 9

Causes of early onset

Answer 9

stresses raise related to father absence, sexual abuse, insecure attachments, or a history of a mother smoking during pregnancy

Question 10

Suspected triggers

Answer 10

include increased body fat, increase hormone-mimicking, chemicals in the diet, and increase stress related to family disruption

Question 11

Secure child, mother attachment

Answer 11

can provide a buffer against childhood stresses, including those related to early puberty

Question 12

Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 12

A genetic male born with two or more X chromosomes that results in sterility and small testes

Question 13

Turner syndrome

Answer 13

genetic females born with only one normal X chromosome that may not have menstrual periods, develop breasts, or be able to have children without reproductive assistance

Question 14

Gender roles

Answer 14

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men for women

Question 15

Developmental Psychology

Answer 15

looks closely at our physical, cognitive, and social development craft lifespan

Question 16

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 16

a study that compares people of different ages at the same point in that in time

Question 17

Longitudinal Study

Answer 17

a study that follows people cross their lifetime and reached the same people overtime

Question 18

Development in a nutshell

Answer 18

Conception—->Zygote—->Embryo—->Fetus

Question 19

Zygote

Answer 19

fertilized egg

Question 20

Embryo

Answer 20

a developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization to the 2nd month

Question 21

Fetus

Answer 21

9 weeks after conception to birth

Question 22

Teratogens

Answer 22

aka are agents, like chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Reason why pregnant women are advised to abstain from alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana

Question 23

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 23

leads to lifelong physical and mental abnormalities which leads to the fetus being damaged due to alcohol which can have an Epigenetic effect

Question 24

Habituation

Answer 24

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Question 25

Maturation

Answer 25

biological growth process to enable orderly changes in behavior, usually uninfluenced by experience

Question 26

Infantile amnesia

Answer 26

Most people don’t recall until about 3-4yrs old

Question 27

Cognition

Answer 27

a sum of all the mental activities that are associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

Question 28

Schemas

Answer 28

concepts, or mental molds into which we pour our experiences

Question 29

4 major stages of cognitive development

Answer 29

sensory motor pre-operational concrete operational formal operational

Question 30

Sensory motor stage

Answer 30

according to Piaget is stage from birth to 2 years old at which infants, know the world, mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. “Out of sight out of mind”. Infants, lack object permanence, which is the awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived.

Question 31

Pre-operational stage

Answer 31

from 2 to 6/7 years old, where child learns to use language, but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Question 32

Conservation

Answer 32

the principal that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

Question 33

Egocentrism

Answer 33

A child’s difficulty perceiving things from another point of view

Question 34

Concrete operational stage

Answer 34

ages seven through 11 children gain mental operations that can help them to think logically about concrete events. Children grasp the art of conversations, understand that change informed does that mean change in quantity mentally pouring milk back-and-forth between glasses of different shapes

Question 35

Formal operational stage:

Answer 35

12 years old, where people begin to psychologically about abstract concepts. Children can ponder, hypothetical, propositions, and induce consequences, such as if this, then that

Question 36

Stranger anxiety

Answer 36

develops into children after eight months

Question 37

Attachment styles

Answer 37

contact is very important type of attachment style

Question 38

Imprinting

Answer 38

is a process by which certain animals form strong attachment during early life

Question 39

Self-concept

Answer 39

is a lot of thoughts and feelings about ourselves and answers to the question “who am I? “Which is developed by the end of age 12

Question 40

What are the four main parenting styles

Answer 40

Authoritarian Permissive Neglectful Authoritative

Question 41

Puberty

Answer 41

a period of sexual maturation usually marks the beginning of the ability to reproduce

Question 42

emerging adulthood

Answer 42

Is the period in life between 18-mid 20s where the young adult is settling into a new phase of life

Question 43

Middle Adulthood

Answer 43

fertility declines in women and there is a decline in sperm count, testerone level, and speed of erection and ejaculation

Question 44

Menopause

Answer 44

typically occurs in women 50 and up

Question 45

Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

Answer 45

an acquired disorder marked by cognitive deficits aka dementia in older adults

Question 46

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 46

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques that entails a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

Question 47

Secure Attachment Style

Answer 47

when a child is able to explore freely when present with the parent, shows distress when the parent leaves, calms down quickly when the parent returns

Question 48

Insecure-Avoidan Attachment Style

Answer 48

shows little too no emotional response when parent leaves (~20%)

Question 49

Insecure-Resistant Attachment Style

Answer 49

explores very little, very wary of strangers, when parent leaves does great distress (10%-15%)

Question 50

Disorganized Attachment Style

Answer 50

due to unpredictability in the parent

Question 51

Authoritarian

Answer 51

strict, controlling parents

Question 52

Authoritative

Answer 52

firm but fair parents, provide emotional support, parents leave room for negotiation, good academics, self-regulated

Question 53

Permissive

Answer 53

kids have a lack of self-regulation, have difficulty getting along with others

Question 54

Neglectful

Answer 54

parents don’t care, are uninterested, these children have the most problems, impulsivity, behavior problems, drug use, emotional indifference, poor academic performance

Question 55

Assimilation

Answer 55

need objects fitting into an existing schema

Question 56

Accommodation

Answer 56

the adjustment of a schema or expansion to allow accurate incorporation of new items

Question 57

Social learning theory

Answer 57

behavior is learned through observation modeling, punishment, rewards

Question 58

Gender schema theory

Answer 58

children are active learners using schemas to learn socialization

Question 59

Kubler-Ross model for Grief and Loss (DABDA)

Answer 59

Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance