Ch 4 & 5: Developing Through the Life Span & Chapter 4 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity (pg 154-161) Flashcards
X chromosome
denotes female sex chromosome
Y chromosome
denotes male sex chromosome
Testosterone
promotes male sex organ development, triggered 7 weeks after conception
Estrogens
main female sex hormones
Primary sex characteristics:
the body structures, such as the ovaries, testes, and external genitalia that makes sexual reproduction possible
Secondary sex characteristics
nonproductive, sexual traits, such as female, breath and hips, male voice, quality, and body hair
Supermarche
first ejaculation happens around 14yrs
Menarche
first menstrual period happens within a year of 12.5 years old
Causes of early onset
stresses raise related to father absence, sexual abuse, insecure attachments, or a history of a mother smoking during pregnancy
Suspected triggers
include increased body fat, increase hormone-mimicking, chemicals in the diet, and increase stress related to family disruption
Secure child, mother attachment
can provide a buffer against childhood stresses, including those related to early puberty
Klinefelter syndrome
A genetic male born with two or more X chromosomes that results in sterility and small testes
Turner syndrome
genetic females born with only one normal X chromosome that may not have menstrual periods, develop breasts, or be able to have children without reproductive assistance
Gender roles
a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men for women
Developmental Psychology
looks closely at our physical, cognitive, and social development craft lifespan
Cross-Sectional Study
a study that compares people of different ages at the same point in that in time
Longitudinal Study
a study that follows people cross their lifetime and reached the same people overtime
Development in a nutshell
Conception—->Zygote—->Embryo—->Fetus
Zygote
fertilized egg
Embryo
a developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization to the 2nd month
Fetus
9 weeks after conception to birth
Teratogens
aka are agents, like chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Reason why pregnant women are advised to abstain from alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana
Fetal alcohol syndrome
leads to lifelong physical and mental abnormalities which leads to the fetus being damaged due to alcohol which can have an Epigenetic effect
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
Maturation
biological growth process to enable orderly changes in behavior, usually uninfluenced by experience
Infantile amnesia
Most people don’t recall until about 3-4yrs old
Cognition
a sum of all the mental activities that are associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Schemas
concepts, or mental molds into which we pour our experiences
4 major stages of cognitive development
sensory motor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational
Sensory motor stage
according to Piaget is stage from birth to 2 years old at which infants, know the world, mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. “Out of sight out of mind”. Infants, lack object permanence, which is the awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived.
Pre-operational stage
from 2 to 6/7 years old, where child learns to use language, but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Conservation
the principal that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape
Egocentrism
A child’s difficulty perceiving things from another point of view
Concrete operational stage
ages seven through 11 children gain mental operations that can help them to think logically about concrete events. Children grasp the art of conversations, understand that change informed does that mean change in quantity mentally pouring milk back-and-forth between glasses of different shapes
Formal operational stage:
12 years old, where people begin to psychologically about abstract concepts. Children can ponder, hypothetical, propositions, and induce consequences, such as if this, then that
Stranger anxiety
develops into children after eight months
Attachment styles
contact is very important type of attachment style
Imprinting
is a process by which certain animals form strong attachment during early life
Self-concept
is a lot of thoughts and feelings about ourselves and answers to the question “who am I? “Which is developed by the end of age 12
What are the four main parenting styles
Authoritarian
Permissive
Neglectful
Authoritative
Puberty
a period of sexual maturation usually marks the beginning of the ability to reproduce
emerging adulthood
Is the period in life between 18-mid 20s where the young adult is settling into a new phase of life
Middle Adulthood
fertility declines in women and there is a decline in sperm count, testerone level, and speed of erection and ejaculation
Menopause
typically occurs in women 50 and up
Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)
an acquired disorder marked by cognitive deficits aka dementia in older adults
Alzheimer’s disease
a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques that entails a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities
Secure Attachment Style
when a child is able to explore freely when present with the parent, shows distress when the parent leaves, calms down quickly when the parent returns
Insecure-Avoidan Attachment Style
shows little too no emotional response when parent leaves (~20%)
Insecure-Resistant Attachment Style
explores very little, very wary of strangers, when parent leaves does great distress (10%-15%)
Disorganized Attachment Style
due to unpredictability in the parent
Authoritarian
strict, controlling parents
Authoritative
firm but fair parents, provide emotional support, parents leave room for negotiation, good academics, self-regulated
Permissive
kids have a lack of self-regulation, have difficulty getting along with others
Neglectful
parents don’t care, are uninterested, these children have the most problems, impulsivity, behavior problems, drug use, emotional indifference, poor academic performance
Assimilation
need objects fitting into an existing schema
Accommodation
the adjustment of a schema or expansion to allow accurate incorporation of new items
Social learning theory
behavior is learned through observation modeling, punishment, rewards
Gender schema theory
children are active learners using schemas to learn socialization
Kubler-Ross model for Grief and Loss (DABDA)
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
