Ch 4

Question 1

Clarence daily

Answer 1

First person to die from radiation induced cancer

Question 2

Wonder rays

Answer 2

Early term for x rays

Question 3

1900-1930

Answer 3

Skin erthermya dose SED
When skin looked red dose limit reached

Question 4

1930 - 1950 dose limit

Answer 4

Tolerance dose TD
Dose limit reached any visible damage

Question 5

1950 - 1977 dose limit

Answer 5

MPD
(Maximum permissible dose)

Dose reached without any biological effects with the use of a PMD (personal monitor devices)

Measured in REM
( radiation equivalent to man )

Question 6

1977-1991 dose limit

Answer 6

EQD
Equivalent dose equivalent

Question 7

1991 - present dose limit

Answer 7

Effective dose limit
EFD

Question 8

Equivalent dose limit takes in account for

Answer 8

Absorbed dose and type of radiation

Question 9

Effective dose limit takes in account for

Answer 9

Absorbed dose Type or radiation received Organ radio sensitivity

Question 10

Wt

Answer 10

Tissue weighing factor

Question 11

Wr

Answer 11

Radiation weighing factor

Question 12

Occupational exposure

Answer 12

Rad exposure recieved by worker In the course of exercising their professional responsibilities

Question 13

Early tissue reactions (short term somatic effects)

Answer 13

Bio effects that occur minutes, hrs, days after exposure to ionizing radiation

Question 14

Late tissue reactions (long term somatic effects)

Answer 14

Bio effects that occur months or years after exposure to ionizing radiation

Have potential of creating genetic or hereditary effects

Question 15

Early tissue reactions examples

Answer 15

Loss of hair Fever Intestinal disorder Blood disorders

Question 16

Late tissue reaction example

Answer 16

Fibrosis Organ atrophy Reduced fertility Cataracts

Question 17

Stochastic effects

Answer 17

Don’t know when or what dose this happens

Cancers

Question 18

Exposure X

Answer 18

When volume of air is radiated
Change intensity of primary beam before reaches patient
C/kg
Roentgen

Question 19

Exposure is measured by

Answer 19

Cutie pie
Ionization chamber
Test output of imaging machines

Question 20

Air KERMA

Answer 20

kinetic energy released in matter
Amount of radiation in air
Replacing exposure
Measured by cutie pie
Joule/kg
Gya

Question 21

Absorbed dose D

Answer 21

Ammount of energy per unit unit of mass absorbed into radiated object

Gyt
Rad

Responsible for bio damage in pt tissue

Question 22

Convert gray to milligray

Answer 22

Gy x 1000 = milligray

Question 23

Convert milligray to gray

Answer 23

Milligray divided by 100 = gray

Question 24

Dose area product DAP

Answer 24

Takes account for dose and field size ( pt thickness)

Expressed in mGycm2

Question 25

Differential absorption

Answer 25

3 things effects ammount of absorption in tissue A) anatomical structures B) mass C) kvp

Question 26

Abosption pt dose and biological effects are ___ related

Answer 26

Directly

Question 27

Wr for xray, gamma, beta , alpha, fast acting neutrons, thermal neutrons

Answer 27

Xray, beta & gamma = 1 Thermal neutrons = 5 Alpha & fast acting neutrons = 20

Question 28

LET

Answer 28

Linear energy transfer Amount of energy transfers on average by incident e to an object per unit length of track through the object

Question 29

LET , bio damage , and QF / Wr are ___ relationship

Answer 29

Direct

Question 30

Convert Msv to Sv

Answer 30

Msv / by 1000 = Sv

Question 31

Convert Sv to Msv

Answer 31

Sv x 1000 = Msv

Question 32

Convert Csv to Sv

Answer 32

Csv / 100 = Sv

Question 33

Convert Sv to Csv

Answer 33

Sv x 100 = Csv

Question 34

Equation for EQD

Answer 34

EQD = (d) x (Wr) Sv = Gyt x Wr

Question 35

Efd equation

Answer 35

Efd = D x Wr x Wt Best measurement for biological risk

Question 36

NRC ( nuclear regulatory commission) roles:

Answer 36

Controlled possession use & production of atomic energy Enforces rad protection standards -don’t inspect image facilities -license users if radioactive material -make unannounced inspections -write standards

Question 37

Agreement states

Answer 37

States that assume responsibility of enforcing radiation protection regulations through their health departments Have agreements with NRC States enforce own laws more stringent

Question 38

EPA

Answer 38

Environmental protection agencies Responsible for protections the health of human beings + for safeguarding the natural environment Responsible for development + enforcement of radiation in environment Main area is detection + control of radon

Question 39

FDA

Answer 39

Food & Drug administration Regulates the design & manufacturing of electronic products, including diagnostic equipment Inspects x ray equipment Complies with FDA standards

Question 40

OSHA

Answer 40

Occupational safety & health administration Functions as a monitory agency in places of employment predominantly in industry Regulated right to know of work place hazards Regulates training programs

Question 41

Radiation safety program