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Unit 2; BIO 135 > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function

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2
Q

What are the four major tissue types?

A

Connective, Muscular, Nervous, and Epithelial

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3
Q

What are the three main types of connective tissue?

A

Fibrous, supportive, and fluid

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4
Q

What are the three main components of all connective tissue types?

A

Specialized cells, ground substances, and protein fibers

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5
Q

Ground substance

A

Noncellular material between the cells; varies in consistency from solid (bone) to fluid (blood)

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6
Q

What are the three types of protein fibers?

A

Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers

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7
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Flexible and strong

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8
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Thing, highly branched collagen fibers

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9
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Contain elastin. a protein that stretches and recoils

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10
Q

What are the two main forms of fibrous connective tissue?

A

Loose and dense

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11
Q

Loose fibrous connective tissue is made up of:

A

Includes areolar, reticular, and adipose tissue

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12
Q

Dense fibrous tissue present in:

A

Tendons and ligaments

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13
Q

Loose fibrous connective tissue

A

Supports epithelium and many internal organs; its functions include energy storage, insulation, and cushioning

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14
Q

Dense fibrous connective tissue contains:

A

Densely packed collagen fibers

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15
Q

What are the two major types of supportive connective tissue

A

Cartilage and bone

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16
Q

What are the functions of the two supportive connective tissue?

A

Structure, shape, protection, and leverage for movement

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17
Q

Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes, matrix is solid but flexible, lacks a direct blood supply (heals slowly)

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18
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cells that lie in small places called lacunae

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19
Q

What are the three types of cartilage and how are they distinguished?

A

Distinguished by the type of fibers found in the matrix:
Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

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20
Q

Hyaline cartilage is

A

Fine collagen fibers and found in the tip of the nose, ends of long bones, and the fetal skeleton

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21
Q

Elastic cartilage is

A

Lots of elastic fibers and is found in the outer ear

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22
Q

Fibrocartilage is

A

Strong collagen fibers and is found in the disks between vertebrae

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23
Q

Bone

A

The most rigid connective tissue, matrix is made of collagen and calcium salts

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24
Q

What are the two bone types?

A

Compact and spongy bones

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25
Q

Compact bone

A

Contain osteons which are cylindrical structural units, makes up the shafts of long bones

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26
Q

Spongy bone

A

Is inside the ends of long bones, lighter than compact bone, but strong

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27
Q

What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood and lymph

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28
Q

Blood

A

Consists of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular components, or formed elements

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29
Q

What are the three formed elements?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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30
Q

Red blood cells

A

Cells that carry oxygen (erythrocytes)

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31
Q

White blood cells

A

Cells that fight infections (leukocytes)

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32
Q

Platelets

A

Pieces of cells that clot blood (thrombocytes)

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33
Q

Lymph

A

Derived from the fluid surrounding tissues, contains white blood cells

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34
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Absorb excess interstitial fluid and return lymph to the cardiovascular system

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35
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Specialized to contract, cells are called muscle fibers

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36
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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37
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to the skeleton by tendons, contractions move the skeleton, voluntarily controlled

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38
Q

Skeletal muscle components (fiber)

A

Very long, can run the entire length of the muscle, have multiple nuclei, striated (striped)

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39
Q

Smooth muscle

A

No striations, spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus, involuntarily controlled, found in the walls of viscera

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40
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Found only in the walls of the heart, striated, involuntary, single nucleas, cells are connected by intercalated disks

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41
Q

Nervous tissue consist of what?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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42
Q

What are the three primary functions of the nervous tissue?

A

Sensory input, integration, and motor output

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43
Q

Of what three parts do neurons consist of?

A

Dendrites, a cell body, and an axon

44
Q

Dendrites

A

Carry information toward the cell body

45
Q

Cell body

A

Contains the nucleus and other organelles

46
Q

Axon

A

Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

47
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty substance that covers some axons, increases the rate of signal transduction

48
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons traveling to and from the brain and spinal cord

49
Q

Neuroglia

A

Outnumer neurons 9 to 1, take up more than half of the volume of the brain, main function is to support and nourish neurons (astrocytes, microglia)

50
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Consists of tightly packed cells, lines body cavities, body surfaces, and is found in glands, anchored by a basement membrane on one side and is free on the other

51
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Single layer of cells

52
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells

53
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flattened cells, found in the lungs where it functions in gas exchange

54
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells

55
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of column-shaped cells

56
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Because of the location of the nuclei, appears stratified but every cell touches the basement membrane, often has cilia, which move mucus across its surface

57
Q

Glands

A

One or more cells that make and secrete a products

58
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

59
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete into ducts

60
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete into the bloodstream, have no ducts

61
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Consists of several layers of flattened cells, forms the outer layer of the skin, and lines the mouth and esophagus

62
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Cells change shape in response to tension (from cuboidal to squamous) Lining of the urinary bladder

63
Q

What does the integumentary system include?

A

Skin, accessory organs such as hair, nails, and glands

64
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen invasion, and water loss, helps regulate body temperature, contains sensory receptors, such as touch and temperature receptors, and makes us aware of our surroundings

65
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the skin

A

The epidermis and the dermis, beneath the dermis there is a subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

66
Q

Epidermis

A

Thin, outermost layer of the skin, made of stratified squamous epithelium, new epidermal cells are in the deepest layer (produced by stem cells)

67
Q

Autograft

A

From another area of the body

68
Q

Allograft

A

From another person

69
Q

Keratinocytes

A

In the upper layer of epidermis, dead and filled with keratin, forms a waterproof barrier

70
Q

Langerhans cells

A

A type of white blood cell

71
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin, which produces skin color and protects from UV lights

72
Q

What are some other contributors to skin color?

A

Carotene and hemoglobin

73
Q

Skin Cancer

A

Caused by UV rays from the sun

74
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Cancer of epidermal stem cells, most common type of skin cancer; curable

75
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes, extremely serious, can be malignant

76
Q

The dermis

A

Thick, inner layer of the skin

77
Q

What is the dermis made up of and what does it contain?

A

Made of dense fibrous connective tissue, contains collagen and elastin for strength and elasticity. Also contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, and glands.

78
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Also called hypodermis, technically not part of the skin and is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. It stores energy, insulates, and protects.

79
Q

Nails

A

Offer a protective covering of the digits (fingers and toes) Grow from the nail root to cover the nail bed.

80
Q

Digits

A

Fingers and toes

81
Q

Cuticle

A

Covers the nail root

82
Q

Lunula

A

White half-moon shape at the base

83
Q

Hair follicles

A

Epidermal structures that surround the hair itself

84
Q

Hair shaft

A

The portion of hair protruding from the skin

85
Q

Arrector pili muslces

A

Attached to the hair follicle

86
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Oil glands, produce sebum, retards bacterial growth, acne which is caused by inflammation

87
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands, in the dermis, their ducts open onto the skin surface to help regulate body temperature

88
Q

What are the two main body cavities

A

Ventral and Dorsal

89
Q

Ventral cavity

A

(Belly) contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the diaphragm

90
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

(Back) Contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

91
Q

Body membranes

A

Line cavities and the internal spaces of organs and tubes that open to the outside

92
Q

What are the four types of body membranes?

A

Mucous, serous, synovial membranes and the meninges

93
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Secrete mucus, lines the tube of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems

94
Q

What are mucous membranes composed of (and what do they contain)

A

Composed of epithelium overlying loose fibrous connective tissue, contains goblet cells that secrete mucus.

95
Q

Serous membranes

A

Line closed cavities, and cover the surface of the organs contained within

96
Q

Pleural membranes

A

Line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs

97
Q

Pericardium

A

Forms the pericardial sac and covers the heart

98
Q

Peritoneum

A

Lines the abdominal cavity (peritoneal cavity) and covers its organs

99
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Composed only of loose connective tissue, line freely moveable joints (ex. the knees) secrete synovial fluid for lubrication

100
Q

Meninges

A

Composed only of connective tissue, in the dorsal cavity, and when inflamed causes meningitis

101
Q

What are the two parts of the internal environment?

A

Blood and interstitial fluid

102
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Surrounds the outside of cells; substances are exchanged through it

103
Q

What are the two mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis?

A

Negative and positive feedback

104
Q

Negative feedback

A

The primary mechanism used in the body, has two components, the output of the system turns down, or off the production

105
Q

What are the two components in negative feedback?

A

A sensor and a control center

106
Q

Positive feedback

A

Brings about a change in the same direction as the original stimulus, can be harmful in some situations

Unit 2; BIO 135 (4 decks)

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