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Unit 2; BIO 135 > Ch. 12 > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What two types of connective tissues does the skeletal system consist of?

A

Bone and cartilage

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2
Q

Ligaments

A

Formed of fibrous connective tissue, join the bones

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3
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Supports the body, moves the body, protection, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fat

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4
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone

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5
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Inside the diaphysis, its walls are made of compact bone, the cavity is lined with the endosteum and is filled with yellow bone marrow

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6
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded end of a long bone, composed of spongy bone that contains red bone marrow, it is coated with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, and is also called articular cartilage because it occurs at a joint

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7
Q

Metaphysis

A

Between the epiphysis and diaphysis, contains the epiphyseal plate, a region of cartilage that allows for bone growth

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

Connective tissue covering all bones, continuous with ligaments and tendons

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9
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact and Spongy

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10
Q

Compact bone

A

Highly organized and composed of tubular units called osteons

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11
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells, they lie in lacunae

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12
Q

Lacunae

A

Tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around a central canal, matrix fills the space between the rows

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13
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals, which connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal

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14
Q

Spongy bone

A

Contains numerous thing plates called trabeculae

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15
Q

Red bone marrow

A

In the spaces of spongy bone, produces all types of blood cells

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16
Q

Cartilage

A

Not as strong as bone, but is more flexible, matrix contains collagen and elastic fibers, has no nerves or blood vessels so takes time to heal

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17
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells; lie within lacunae

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18
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

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19
Q

Where can you find Hyaline cartilage?

A

Ends of long bones, nose, ends of ribs, larynx, and trachea

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20
Q

Where can you find Fibrocartilage?

A

Disks between vertebrae and in the knee

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21
Q

Where can you find Elastic cartilage?

A

Ear flaps and epiglottis

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22
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

Made of rows of fibroblasts separated by bundles of collagenous fibers, makes up ligaments and tendons

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23
Q

Red marrow

A

Mostly in axial skeleton, produces all types of blood cells

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24
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Mostly in appendicular skeleton, stores fat

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25
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Follows midline of the body, consists of the skill, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and the rib cage

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26
Q

Skull

A

Formed by the cranium and the facial bones

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27
Q

Cranium

A

Contains and protects the brain

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28
Q

What are the bones of the cranium?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

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29
Q

Foramen magnum

A

A hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

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30
Q

External auditory canal

A

In each temporal bones; leads to the middle ear

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31
Q

Orbits

A

Eye sockets

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32
Q

Sinuses

A

Air spaces in some cranial bones, lined with mucous membrane, reduce the weight of the skill

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33
Q

Mastoid sinuses

A

Smaller set of sinuses, drain into the middle ear

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34
Q

Mandible

A

The only moveable bone in the skull

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35
Q

Maxillae

A

Forms the upper jaw and a portion of the orbits as well as the herd palate and the floor of the nose (joined by palatine bones)

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36
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Form the cheekbones

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37
Q

Nasal Bones

A

Forms the bridge of the nose

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38
Q

Ethmoid and Vomer

A

Are a part of the nasal septum, which divides the interior of the nose into nasal cavities

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39
Q

Lacrimal bone

A

Contains the opening for the nasolacrimal canal, which drains tears from the eyes to the nose

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40
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Not part of the skull, but is part of the axial skeleton, it anchors the tongue and serves as the site for the attachment of muscles associated with swallowing

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41
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Consists of 33 vertebrae, there are four curvatures that provide more strength for an upright posture than a straight column

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42
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal sideways curvature of the spine

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43
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abnormal posterior curvature (hunchback)

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44
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal anterior curvature (swayback)

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45
Q

Vertebral canal

A

In the center of the column; the spinal cord pass through

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46
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

On each side of the column, spinal nerves travel through the

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47
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Control skeletal muscle contraction, among other things; if the spinal cord/nerves are injured, there can be paralysis or even death

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48
Q

Spinous processes

A

of the vertebrae, bony long the midline of the back, serve as attachment sites for muscles

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49
Q

Transverse processes

A

Extend laterally, serve as attachment sites for muscles

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50
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

In the neck

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51
Q

Atlas

A

First cervical vertebra; holds up the head (up and down)

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52
Q

Axis

A

Second cervical vertebra (side to side)

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53
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Connect to the ribs

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54
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Lower back

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55
Q

Sacral vertebrae

A

Fused

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56
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae

A

More noticeable in animals with tails

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57
Q

Intervertebral disks

A

Composed of fibrocartilage, prevent the vertebrae from grinding, absorb shock caused by movement (running, walking, etc.) allows the vertebrae to move as we bend forward, backward, side to side, and become weaken with age and can herniate and rupture

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58
Q

Thoracic cage

A

Rib cage, composed of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and their associated cartilages, and the sternum; Is part of the axial skeleton, protects the heart and lungs

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59
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

Twelve (12) pairs; all connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae in the back

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60
Q

True ribs

A

Ribs 1-7; Connect directly to the sternum by means of a long strip of hyaline cartilage called costal cartilage

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61
Q

False ribs

A

Ribs 8 to 12; their costal cartilage does not connect directly to the sternum

62
Q

Floating ribs

A

Ribs 11 to 12; they have no connection with the sternum

63
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone, along with the ribs, it helps protect the heart and lungs

64
Q

What three bones is the Sternum composed of?

A

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

65
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Consists of a scapula and a clvaicle

66
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade

67
Q

Clavicle

A

Collarbone, joins with the sternum and the acromion process of the scapula

68
Q

Glenoid cavity of the scapula

A

Articulates with the head of the humerus, the upper arm bone

69
Q

Rotator cuff

A

Tendons that extend to the humerus from four small muscles originating on the scapula

70
Q

The upper limb

A

Humerus in the arm and the radius and ulna in the forearm

71
Q

The humerus

A

The single long bone in the arm, has a smoothly rounded head that fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula; the shaft of the humerus has a tuberosity where the deltoid, a shoulder muscle, attaches

72
Q

What are the two protuberances the far end of the humerus has?

A

Capitulum and the trochlea

73
Q

What is the bump at the back of the elbow?

A

Olecranon process of the ulna (your funny bone)

74
Q

Carpal bones

A

8 bones in the wrist

75
Q

Metacarpal bones

A

5 bones in the palm

76
Q

Phalanges

A

The bones of the fingers, thumbs, and toes

77
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Hip girdle, consists of two coxl bones (hip bones)

78
Q

Pelvis

A

Composed of the pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx; bears the weight of the body, protects the organs wihtin the pelvic cavity, and is the place of attachment for the legs

79
Q

What are the three parts of the coxal bone

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are fused in the adult

80
Q

Acetabulum

A

The hip socket; where the coxal bones three parts meet

81
Q

Ilium

A

The largest of the coxal bone

82
Q

Ischium

A

Has a posterior spine, called the ischial spine, for muscle attachment

83
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

A fibrocartilaginous joint that joins the two pubic bones

84
Q

The pelvic girdle (Woman vs. men)

A

Different, in the female the iliac bones are more flared, and the pelvic cavity is shallower, but the outlet is wider; these adaptions facilitate the birthing process

85
Q

The bones of the leg; lower limb

A

The femur in the thigh, the tibia and fibula in the lower leg

86
Q

Femur

A

Longest, strongest bone in the body; the head of the femur articulates with the coxal bones at the acetabulum; the neck better positions legs for walking

87
Q

What are the two large processes of the femur?

A

The greater and the lesser trochanters; these are places of attachment for thigh muscles, buttock muscles, and hip flexors.

88
Q

Distal femur

A

Has medial and lateral condyles that articulate with the tibia

89
Q

Patella

A

(kneecap) held in place by the quadriceps tendon, which continues as a ligament that attaches to the tibial tuberosity

90
Q

Medial malleolus

A

At the distal end of the tibia

91
Q

Fibula

A

The slenderer bone in the leg; has a head that articulates with the tibia and a distal lateral malleolus that forms the outer bulge of the ankle

92
Q

Tarsal bones

A

Seven bones in the ankle

93
Q

Talus

A

Joins the tibia and fibula

94
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel bone

95
Q

Metatarsal bones

A

Five bones in the instep.

96
Q

Articulations (joints)

A

Where bones come together; most fibrous joints are immovable

97
Q

What are the three classifications for articulations (joints)

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

98
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Connected by hyaline cartilage (costal cartilages) or fibrocartilage

99
Q

Synovial joints

A

Are freely moveable, ligaments support and strengthen joints

100
Q

Joint capsule

A

Formed by ligaments, surrounds the joint

101
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines the joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid for lubrication

102
Q

Bursae

A

Fluid-filled sacs that ease friction

103
Q

Menisci

A

C-shaped fibrocartilage; give stability and absorb shock

104
Q

Ball-and-socket joints

A

Allow movement in all places, even rotational movement

105
Q

Hinge joints

A

Permit movement in only one direction (elbow, knee)

106
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degeneration of articular cartilage

107
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in joints

108
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells; secrete the organic matrix of bone and promote the deposition of calcium salts into the matrix

109
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells; when osteoblasts surround themselves with calcified matrix, the become osteocytes within lacunae

110
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-absorbing cells; break down bone; return calcium and phosphate to the blood

111
Q

Ossification

A

The formation of bone; bones form during embryonic development in two distinctive ways

112
Q

What are the two was bones form during embryonic development

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

113
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Forms flat bones (bones of the skull) Bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue; osteoblasts in the periosteum carry out further ossification

114
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Forms most bones (long bones ex. tibia) Calcified bone matrix replaces the hyaline cartilage models of the bones, bone formation spreads from the center of the bone to the ends

115
Q

The cartilage model

A

In the embryo, chondrocytes form cartilage models (hyaline cartilage shaped like the future bones)

116
Q

The bone collar

A

Osteoblasts secrete the matrix, which then calcifies

117
Q

What are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. The primary ossification center
  2. The medullary cavity and secondary ossification sites
  3. The epiphyseal (growth) plate
118
Q

Step one of Endochondral ossification

A

Blood vessels bring osteoblasts to a region called a primary ossification center, the first center for bone formation

119
Q

Step two of endochondral ossification

A

Spongy bone in the diaphysis is absorbed by osteoclasts, forming the medullary cavity

120
Q

Step three of endochondral ossification

A

A band of cartilage remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center; the limbs keep increasing in length as long as the epiphyseal plates are present

121
Q

What are the four layers the epiphyseal plate contain?

A

Resting zone, proliferating zone, degenerating zone, and ossification zone

122
Q

Resting zone

A

The layer nearest the epiphysis where cartilage remains

123
Q

Proliferating zone

A

Chondrocytes are producing new cartilage cells

124
Q

Degenerating zone

A

Cartilage cells are dying off

125
Q

Ossification zone

A

Bone is forming, increasing the length of the bone

126
Q

Final size of the bone

A

When the epiphyseal plates close, bone lengthening can no longer occur

127
Q

Vitamin D

A

Formed in the skin when exposed to sunlight; is converted to a hormone that is necessary for absorption of calcium from food

128
Q

Growth hormone

A

Stimulates bone growth, need concurrent action of thyroid hormone to stimulate metabolism

129
Q

Dwarfism

A

Too little GH in childhood

130
Q

Gigantism

A

Excess GH in childhood

131
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excess GH in adults; growth of bones in the hands and face

132
Q

Sex hormones

A

Increase growth during adolescence

133
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Osteoclasts break bone down; osteoblasts build it up; recycles 18% of bone each year

134
Q

Paget disease

A

New bone in generated at a faster than normal rate; produces softer and weaker bones and can lead to deformities, fractures, and pain

135
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone if needed to increase blood calcium levels; promotes calcium absorption in the small intestine and kidney increasing blood calcium levels

136
Q

Calcitonin

A

Has opposite effects of PTH; tones down Ca2+ in the blood and deposits it into bones

137
Q

Estrogen

A

Increases the number of osteoblasts; reduction of estrogen in older woman can cause osteoporosis

138
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bones are weakened due to decreased bone mass, skeletal mass increases until age 30

139
Q

What are the steps of bone repair?

A
  1. Hematoma
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus
  3. Bony callus
  4. Remodeling
140
Q

Hematoma

A

Forms 6 to 8 hours after the fracture; blood clot between broken bones

141
Q

Fibrocartilaginous callus

A

Forms in 3 weeks; fibrocartilage callus between broken bones

142
Q

Bony callus

A

Forms in 3 to 4 months; cartilaginous callus turns in bone

143
Q

Remodeling

A

Osteoblasts build new compact bone at the periphery, osteoclasts absorb the spongy bone, creating a new medullary cavity

144
Q

What are the types of bone fractures?

A

Complete, incomplete, simple, compound, impacted, and spiral

145
Q

Complete fracture

A

The bone is broken clear through

146
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

The bone is not separated into two parts

147
Q

Simple fracture

A

It does not pierce the skin

148
Q

Compound fracture

A

It does pierce the skin

149
Q

Impacted fracture

A

The broken ends are wedged into each other

150
Q

Spiral fracture

A

The break is ragged due to twisting of the bone

Unit 2; BIO 135 (4 decks)

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