ch 4

Question 1

6 criteria pollutants

Answer 1

-carbon monoxide
-nitrogen oxide
-sulfer dioxide
-ozone
-lead
-particulate matter

Question 2

carbon monoxide source and health effect

Answer 2

source: motor vehicles
health effect: asphyxiant

Question 3

nitrogen oxide source and health effect

Answer 3

source: fuel combustion
health effect: airway inflammation

Question 4

sulfer dioxide source and health effect

Answer 4

source: coal burning
health effect: airway inflammation

Question 5

ozone source and health effect

Answer 5

source: smog reaction
health effect: eye and lung irratant

Question 6

lead source and health effect

Answer 6

source: prior to 1980 vehicle emissions
health effect: neurotoxicant(low iq, learning deficits)

Question 7

particulate matter source and health effect

Answer 7

source: aerosolization of solids
health effect: airway inflammation

Question 8

how are SO2 and NO2 similar

Answer 8

-both can form secondary pollutants that impair visibility
-both contribute to acid rain formation
-both are by-products of combustion(burning something)
-both cause airway inflammation

Question 9

how are SO2 and NO2 different

Answer 9

-SO2 results from combustion of fuels containing sulfur (coal)
-NO2 results from the combustion of fuel from any source (coal, gasoline, wood) ,because nitrogen naturally present in atmosphere

Question 10

ozone formation

Answer 10

-NOx + VOC + O2 + sunlight –> NO2 + O3 (smog reaction)
-ozone is not emitted directly

Question 11

primary pollutants

Answer 11

-emitted directly from a source
-NOx and VOCs

Question 12

secondary pollutants

Answer 12

not emitted directly, created by chemical reactions in atmosphere
ozone and NO2 are secondary pollutants

Question 13

volatile organic compound

Answer 13

usually vapors
gasoline is a mixture of VOCs - includes benzene, ethylene, toluene, xylene(BTEX)

Question 14

criteria pollutants emitted by a thermal (coal) electric plant

Answer 14

sulfur dioxide
nitrogen oxides
fine particulate matter (PM 2.5)

Question 15

how is acid rain formed

Answer 15

NO2 + OH –> HNO3 (nitric rain)
SO2 + H2O –> H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)

Question 16

which part of US is affected by acid rain and why

Answer 16

Northeastern US due to:
geology: granite rock-no ability to buffer the pH
coal fired power plant downwind (west) generate acid rain pollutants

Question 17

where is air pollution a large problem and why

Answer 17

developing countries ( guatemale, malawi, uganda)
primary source: indoor cooking with wood, dung, charcoal-generate black carbon which adversely affect lungs and eyes