Ch. 3B Probability, Statistics, and Pedigrees (Exam 2)

Question 1

What is probability?

Answer 1

The likelihood of an event occurring

Question 2

What is the range of probability?

Answer 2

0-1

Question 3

What does a probability of 0 mean?

Answer 3

No chance

Question 4

What does a probability of 1 mean?

Answer 4

100% chance

Question 5

What is the most basic example of probability in genetics?

Answer 5

Mendelian ratios

Question 6

What is the main idea behind independent events?

Answer 6

The outcome of Event 1 has no effect on the outcome of Event 2 and so on

Question 7

What is an example of an independent event?

Answer 7

A coin toss b/c one toss will not affect the outcome of other tosses

Question 8

Which math law corresponds to independent events?

Answer 8

Product law

Question 9

What is another name for the product law?

Answer 9

Multiplication rule

Question 10

What is the main idea behind mutually exclusive events?

Answer 10

They do not occur at the same time

Question 11

What keywords can help identify a mutually exclusive event?

Answer 11

Either/or

Question 12

Which math law corresponds to mutually exclusive events?

Answer 12

Sum law

Question 13

What is another name for the sum law?

Answer 13

Addition rule

Question 14

What is the main idea behind conditional probability?

Answer 14

The probability of a particular outcome depends on another outcome or given condition

Question 15

What is the formula for conditional probability?

Answer 15

Pc = Pa / Pb

Question 16

What does each variable for conditional probability stand for?

Answer 16

Pc = conditional probability
Pa = probability of an event/interest
Pb = probability of a given conditional event

Question 17

What keyword may help possibly identify conditional probability scenarios?

Answer 17

Given

Question 18

What does binomial theorem calculate?

Answer 18

The outcome of repeated trials with only 2 outcomes

Question 19

When solving binomial distribution the long way, what are the 2 main steps involved?

Answer 19

Step 1) Product law

Step 2) Sum law

Question 20

What does the product law step of binomial distribution detail?

Answer 20

Calculating the product of independent events to get an initial probability

Question 21

What does the sum law step of binomial distribution detail?

Answer 21

Finding the # of possible combinations and adding the initial probability from the previous step based on the # of combinations i.e. 3 combinations = adding the initial probability to itself 3 times

Question 22

What popular algebraic concept can be used to solve binomial distribution? List this formula too.

Answer 22

Pascal’s triangle - (a +b)^n = 1

Question 23

What is the main binomial distribution formula that will most likely be used on the exam?

Answer 23

((n!) / (s! * t!)) * ((a^s) * (b^t))

Question 24

What does the binomial distribution variable “n” stand for?

Answer 24

n = # of trials/repeats

Question 25

What does the binomial distribution variable “s” stand for?

Answer 25

s = # of 1st outcome

Question 26

What does the binomial distribution variable “t” stand for?

Answer 26

t = # of 2nd outcome

Question 27

What does the binomial distribution variable “a” stand for?

Answer 27

a = probability of 1st outcome

Question 28

What does the binomial distribution variable “b” stand for?

Answer 28

b = probability of 2nd outcome

Question 29

When is a deviation in data more likely to occur?

Answer 29

When there is a small sample size

Question 30

What is the general definition of the null hypothesis?

Answer 30

The assumption that there is no difference or deviation

Question 31

What 2 assumptions does the null hypothesis make about differences in measured & predicted values?

Answer 31

1) Data/ratios that agree with our expectations show no difference between measured & predicted values
2) Any differences between measured & predicted values can be attributed to chance

Question 32

What is the overall goal of the null hypothesis?

Answer 32

To reject or accept the null hypothesis

Question 33

What does it mean to reject the null hypothesis?

Answer 33

Differences found are not due to chance, so you should re-examine your data/assumptions

Question 34

What does it mean to accept the null hypothesis?

Answer 34

Differences found between observed & expected outcomes are due to chance

Question 35

What does a chi-square analysis determine about your observed data?

Answer 35

Determines how well measured/observed data fits the accepted data

Question 36

How do the results of a chi-square analysis relate to the null hypothesis?

Answer 36

The chi-square analysis tells if your results reject or accept the null hypothesis