Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > Ch. 10 DNA Structure & Analysis (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Ch. 10 DNA Structure & Analysis (Exam 1) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular genetics?

A

DNA transcribes to RNA which translates into proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 special roles of genetic material?

A

1) Replication
2) Storage of genetic info
3) Gene expression
4) Variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In Griffith’s transformation experiment, which control sample killed the mouse?

A

IIIS (smooth virulent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In Griffith’s transformation experiment, why did the mouse in the 2nd control group survive after getting injected?

A

It was given one shot of IIR (rough avirulent) at first and then later another shot w/ heat-killed IIIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In Griffith’s experiment, what was in the experimental group injection that killed the mouse?

A

The mouse was injected with IIR and heat-killed IIIS at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was Griffith’s experimental conclusion?

A

A chemical component of a cell could introduce a new, heritable trait to another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Avery et al. want to know from Griffith’s experiment?

A

They wanted to know how avirulent IIR became virulent IIIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How was the Avery et al. experiment prepared?

A

IIIS was centrifuged, heat-killed, homogenized, and filtrated. One control group and three experimental groups were tested. The experimental groups treated the IIIS filtrate with protease, RNase, and DNase, respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was the conclusion of Avery et al.’s experiment?

A

DNase-treated IIIS filtrate effectively neutralized the development of the harmful IIIS cells (leaving only IIR cells) and revealed that DNA is the active factor that carries heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hershey-Chase showed that proteins and DNA contained which elements?

A

Sulfur and phosphorus, respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which radioisotopes did Hershey-Chase use to show identify proteins and DNA?

A

Sulfur-35 and Phosphorus-32, respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How did Hershey-Chase conduct the experiment?

A

They took 2 phage T2s and injected one w/ phosphorus-32 and another w/ sulfur-35 to keep track of their genetic information. The phages then infected separate bacterial cells to see what radioactive material would pass to the bacterial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did Hershey-Chase conclude, and what did this say about the locations of proteins and DNA?

A

The phosphorus phage’s radioactive material infected the bacterial cell with DNA, but the sulfur phage remained radioactive, and no protein was passed. Protein is found throughout the cell, but DNA is only in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was Chargaff’s 1947 consensus about DNA composition amongst all species of life?

A

DNA composition varies from species to species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 3 features make up a nucleotide?

A

1) Nitrogenous base
2) Pentose
3) Phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 2 types of nitrogenous base rings?

A

1) Pyrimidine rings

2) Purine rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which 3 nitrogenous bases are considered pyrimidine rings?

A

1) Cytosine
2) Uracil
3) Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which 2 nitrogenous bases are considered purine rings?

A

1) Guanine

2) Adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 2 types of pentose make up RNA and DNA?

A

Ribose and 2-deoxyribose, respectively

20
Q

What is the difference between ribose and 2-deoxyribose?

A

Ribose has an OH group at C’2 while 2-deoxyribose has a proton at C’2

21
Q

What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?

A

Nucleotides has 3 structures: n-base, pentose, AND a phosphate group. Nucleosides only have the n-base and pentose (NOTE: nucleoTide - Three)

22
Q

What bond links 2 nucleotides together?

A

3’ to 5’ phosphodiester bond

23
Q

At which carbons do we find 3’ to 5’ phosphodiester bonds?

A

C3 of one ribose links to C5 of another

24
Q

What technique did Rosalind Franklin use to study DNA?

A

X-ray crystallography

25
Q

What 3 conclusions did Rosalind Franklin reach?

A

1) DNA is helical
2) There is a repeating unit of 3.4 Angstrom
3) There is another repeating unit of 34 Angstrom

26
Q

Do Chargaff’s rules apply to single-stranded or double-stranded DNA?

A

Double-stranded DNA

27
Q

What are Chargaff’s rules?

A

1) A:T in 1:1 ratio
2) C:G in 1:1 ratio
3) (C+G)% is not equal to (A+T)%

28
Q

How many Angstrom are in a complete turn of DNA?

A

34 Angstrom

29
Q

What are the 4 key characteristics of a DNA molecule?

A

1) Double-stranded helix
2) Complimentary (A:T, C:G)
3) Anti-parallel strands
4) Alternating sugar-phosphate backbone

30
Q

What are the 2 types of centrifugation?

A

1) Sedimentation EQUILIBRIUM centrifugation

2) Sedimentation VELOCITY centrifugaion

31
Q

What is density-gradient centrifugation also called?

A

Sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation

32
Q

What type of gradient is DNA spun w/ in DG centrifugation? Example?

A

A heavy metal salt such as cesium chloride (CsCl)

33
Q

What is the goal of DG centrifugation?

A

DNA is spun around until it reaches its buoyant density

34
Q

What is the relationship between G+C content and buoyant density?

A

G+C content and density are directly proportional (^G+C=^density)

35
Q

What does velocity sedimentation measure?

A

Velocity sedimentation measures how fast DNA reaches its buoyant density

36
Q

What coefficient (S) calculates the velocity of sedimentation?

A

Svedberg coefficient

37
Q

What physical property of DNA does the Svedberg coefficient (S) determine?

A

Molecular weight

38
Q

How is the melting point of DNA determined?

A

The temperature at which 1/2 of the DNA molecules in a sample become single-stranded is the melting point

39
Q

What is the relationship between G+C content, H-bonds, and the heat of a DNA melting point?

A

G+C content, the # of H-bonds, and heat needed to break these H-bonds are directly proportional (^G+C content = ^H-bonds = ^heat needed to break H-bonds)

40
Q

What is the graph that is used to show differences in DNA melting points?

A

Hyperchromic shift

41
Q

What can differing DNA melting points tell us from looking at a hyperchromic shift?

A

Differing DNA melting points can tell us about relative G+C contents

42
Q

How can we renature DNA?

A

DNA can be renatured by cooling it down

43
Q

What technique is used to separate DNA fragments based on size/length?

A

Electrophoresis

44
Q

How does DNA travel down agarose gel during electrophoresis?

A

Negatively-charged DNA goes to the positively-charged anode

45
Q

What is the relationship between fragment size and migratory speed down the agarose gel?

A

Shorter fragments at bottom b/c shorter = faster

Genetics (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions