Eukaryotic Multicellular Most have cells specialized for specific functions

Ch 39 Animal Body Flashcards by Colton Juarez

Structure in Animals

  Eukaryotic
  Multicellular
  Most have cells specialized for specific functions

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Structure made up of multiple tissues to perform specific functions

Organs

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Similar cells working together for a specific function
  A group of closely associated, similarly specialized cells
  Associated to perform one or more functions

Tissues

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Animal tissues may be classified as:

–  epithelial, connective, muscle, or nervous.
–  classification is based primarily on structure and function
–  unlike germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), which are based strictly on developmental origins

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•  A continuous layer (sheet) of cells over a noncellular basement membrane
–  covering a body surface
–  lining a body cavity
•  For protection, absorption, secretion, sensation

Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)

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The 3 Epithelial cell shapes

–  squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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The 3 Epithelial tissue structure

–  simple: single layer
–  stratified: many layers
–  pseudostratified: one layer;unequal cell “height”

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  Cells are flat and in a single layer

*   Allow transport of substances by diffusion

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Example Simple Squamous Epithelium locations:

–  air sacs of lungs
–  blood vessel linings
•  also called endothelium

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  Line passageways
 Specialized for secretion and absorption
 Some have microvilli for absorption

Simple Cuboidal and Columnar Epithelia

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4 Examples of Simple Cuboidal and Columnar Epithelia locations:

– gland ducts
– kidney tubules
– digestive tract
– respiratory tract

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cells in several layers	
–  lower	cells are metabolically active
–  upper	cells dead, flattened
•  For protection rather	than absorption
–  continuously replaced
–  Example locations: skin, inside mouth

Stratified squamous epithelium

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all cells attached to basement membrane but some don’t reach outer surface
•  For secretion and protection
–  similar to columnar epithelium
–  Example locations: respiratory passages, ducts of glands

Pseudostratified epithelium

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Glands are

Epithelial tissues or cells specialized for secretion

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–  exocrine glands that secrete mucus

Unicellular glands

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–  secrete product through a duct onto exposed epithelial surface

Exocrine Glands

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–  release hormones into interstitial fluid or blood

–  lack ducts

Endocrine Glands

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–  sheet of epithelial tissue

–  layer of underlying connective tissue

Epithelial membrane

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–  lines cavity that opens to outside of body

Mucous Membrane

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–  lines cavity that does not open to the outside

Serous Membrane

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Relatively few cells embedded in noncellular matrix (example: fibers & gel of polysaccharides)

Connective Tissue

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The 3 Fibers of the intercellular substance in connective tissue

–  collagen fibers: strong
–  elastic fibers: stretchy
–  reticular fibers: delicate, interlacing

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Functions of connective tissue

–  joins other body tissues
–  supports body and organs
–  protects underlying organs

Fibers running in various directions through a semifluid matrix
•  forms a covering for nerves, blood vessels, and muscles

Loose connective tissue

``` Stronger, less flexible than loose connective tissue •  contains many collagen fibers •  example locations: –  tendons: connect muscle to bone –  ligaments: connect bone to bone ```

Dense connective tissue

Contains of bundles of parallel elastic fibers | •  Found in lung tissue, walls of large arteries

Elastic connective tissue

Contains interlacing reticular fibers •  Forms support framework for many organs •  e.g. liver, lymph nodes

Reticular connective tissue

Fat cells for storage, padding, insulation | •  Found with loose connective tissue in subcutaneous tissue (below skin)

Adipose tissue

Tissues of circulating cells

Blood and Lymph tissue

Fluid intercellular substance in blood | •  For transport and communication between body parts

Plasma

Consists of chondrocytes –  in lacunae (small cavities in hard matrix) –  nonvascular

Cartilage

Osteocytes –  in lacunae –  secrete and maintain bone matrix –  vascular

Bone

•  Consists of cells specialized to contract •  Each cell is an elongated muscle fiber –  contains many contractile units (myofibrils)

Muscle tissue

9 Types of Connective Tissue

``` Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Elastic connective tissue Reticular connective tissue Adipose tissue Blood and Lymph tissue Plasma Cartilage Bone ```

2 types of nervous tissue

Neurons and Glial cells

–  elongated cells | –  specialized for transmitting impulses

Neurons

–  support and nourish neurons

Glial cells

``` •  Defective Cells –  rapid multiplication –  abnormal relations with neighboring cells –  tumor: abnormal mass of cells •  benign & malignant ```

Cancer

Migration of cancer cells through blood or lymph to other parts of the body

Metastasis

Originate from epithelial cells | –  most human cancers

Carcinomas

Originate from connective or muscle tissues

Sarcomas

Tissues associate to form

Organs

Organs may contain mainly one tissue

–  but many specialized tissues are required to perform support functions

An organized group of tissues and organs that together perform a specialized set of functions make up an

Organ system

Together, organ systems achieve

Homeostasis | –  plus other functions: digestion, locomotion, nervous responses, sexual reproduction, etc.

Function in Most Animals

``` •  all are heterotrophic –  most ingest food then digest •  locomotion •  nervous system and muscles •  sexual reproduction –  but not alternation of generations •  Many animals: temperature regulation –  part of homoeostasis ```

•  Balanced internal environment (steady state) | –  Stressors: cause change away from steady state

Homeostasis

–  control processes that maintain conditions –  Negative feedback systems: trigger responses that oppose changes from the steady state –  example: thermoreguation

Homeostatic mechanisms

•  Process of maintaining body temperature within certain limits –  despite changes in surrounding temperature •  Animals have different structural, behavioral, and physiological strategies

Thermoreguation

Types of Thermoreguation

Ectotherms and Endotherms

Body temperature mostly depends on temperature of environment •  Use behavioral strategies to adjust body temperatures

Ectotherms

Regulate body temperature within a narrow range using metabolism (but also behavior) •  Expend extra energy to control body temperature

Endotherms

–  very little energy used to maintain the metabolic rate | –  ectotherms can survive on less food

Ectothermy benefits

–  activity limited by temperature conditions

Ectothermy disadvantage

–  high metabolic rate –  constant body temperature allows higher rate of enzyme activity –  active even in low winter temperatures

Endothermy benefits

- high energy cost

Endothermy disadvantage

*   Tumor that grows slowly and stays together | *   Grows rapidly and invasively into other tissues

Benign | Malignant