Ch. 37: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT a complication of the horseshoe kidney? Hydronephrosis Hypospadias Infection Stone formation
Hypospadias
Hydronephrosis, infection, and stone formation can be caused by a kidney that is horseshoe shaped. Hypospadias is when the urethral meatus is located on the ventral side, or undersurface, of the penis.
A 2-month-old male infant presents with the urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis. Which of the following is the correct name for this anomaly? Hypospadias Epispadias Exstrophy Ureteropelvic junction
Epispadias
In males the urethral opening is on the dorsal surface of the penis. Hypospadias is when the meatus is located on the ventral side of the penis. Exstrophy of the bladder is an extensive congenital anomaly in which the lower urinary tract is exposed directly to the surface of the body. Ureteropelvic junction is a blockage of the tapered point where the renal pelvis transitions into the ureter.
A person is born with abnormal differentiation of renal tissues. Which of the following medical terms describes this condition? Renal aplasia Hypoplastic kidney Renal dysplasia Renal agenesis
Renal dysplasia
Renal aplasia is an absent kidney. Hypoplastic kidney is a very small normal kidney. Renal dysplasia is differentiation of renal tissues that are abnormal. Renal agenesis is the absence of one or both kidneys that may be hereditary or random.
A person presents with wide-set eyes, “parrot beak” nose, low-set ears, and receding chin. What is the renal manifestation associated with this presentation? Potter syndrome Polycystic kidney disease Minimal change neuropathy Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Potter syndrome
Potter syndrome is bilateral renal agenesis with the above presentation. Polycystic kidney disease is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder that may result in hypertension, heart valve defects, and cerebral and aortic aneurysms. Minimal change neuropathy is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is the most common cause of acute renal failure in young children.
A 6-year-old has just recovered from streptococcal pharyngitis. Which of the following is TRUE regarding acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Antibody-antigen complexes of IgM, IgG, and IgA are deposited.
The exact mechanism of immune complexes is unknown.
There is decreased vascular permeability.
There are no signs of inflammation.
The exact mechanism of immune complexes is unknown
The exact mechanism is unknown, and there are signs of inflammation and glomerular injury. There is increased vascular permeability.
An individual presents with hematuria, proteinuria, and abdominal pain. There are also skin lesions. Which of the following diseases does this represent? Henoch-Schönlein purpura Hemolytic uremic syndrome Primary nephrotic syndrome Minimal change nephropathy
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
This is also known as anaphylactoid purpura. Hemolytic uremic syndrome is characterized by hemolytic anemia originating in the microcirculation with thrombocytopenia. No other cause is identified in an individual with nephrotic syndrome. Minimal change nephropathy is also known as lipoid nephrosis and is characterized by the fusing of the glomerular foot processes.
What is the cause of minimal change nephropathy?
Fusion of the glomerular foot processes
Verotoxin of Escherichia coli
IgA deposition
Inflammation of the glomeruli
Fusion of the glomerular foot processes
Verotoxin of E. coli is associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome. IgA deposition is associated with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Inflammation of glomeruli is found in glomerulonephritis.
