Ch. 3.3 Research method

Question 1

3 steg for at optogenetikk er mulig

Answer 1

• 1: protein som lager el. signal av lysstimuli
• 2: virsu som kan lede protein inn i nevron
• 3: utvikle trynne optiske fibre som kan gi rett stimuli

Question 2

What determines whether optogenetic stimula-
tion excites a neuron or inhibits it?

Answer 2

Optogenetic stimulation activates a light-sensitive protein. If that protein opens a sodium channel in the membrane, the result is excitation of the neuron. If it opens a chloride channel, the result is inhibition.

Question 3

Recording of brain activity

Answer 3

• Electroenceåhalograph (EEG)
• Magnetoecephalograph (MEG)
• Positron-emission tomography (PET)
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 4

What does fMRI measure?

Answer 4

1. It detects an increase in blood flow to a brain area immediately after an increase in brain activity
2. and it also detects a slightly slower increase in the percentage of hemoglobin lacking oxygen

Question 5

What are the similarities and differences between MRI and
fMRI?

Answer 5

Both methods measure the responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field. MRI shows the anatomy of the brain. The fMRI method shows which brain areas are most active at the moment.

Question 6

5 ways to examine Effects of Brain Damage

Answer 6

• Study victims of stroke, etc
• Lesion
• Ablation
• Gene knockout
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 7

2 ways to examine Effects of Stimulating a Brain Area

Answer 7

• Stimulating electrodes (invasive)
• Optogenetic stimulation

(begge gjøres sjeldent på mennesker)

Question 8

6 Ways to record Brain Activity during Behavior

Answer 8

• Record from electrodes in brain (invasive)
• Electroencephalograph (EEG)
• Evoked potentials
• Magnetoencephalograph (MEG)
• Positron emission tomography (PET)
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 9

2 ways to correlate brain areas to behaviour

Answer 9

CT (CAT)
MR