Ch. 33 Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome Flashcards
Where is insulin found?
insulin is secreted by Beta Cells which are found in the Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas
function of insulin
- transporter of glucose from circulation to cells
- w/o insulin, glucose stays in circulation and cells starve
- if there is an excess of insulin, the body will store it
elevated blood sugar
- insulin secreted by Beta cells
- insulin causes glucose to reenter cells
- blood glucose is lowered
decreased blood sugar
- glucagon released by alpha cells
- glucagon stimulates release of glucose from liver
- blood glucose is raised
Glucose
- brain requires constant supply
- hypoglycemia/brain death
- blood glucose level
- ingested
- liver regulation
liver regulation of glucose
- glycogenesis
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis
when blood sugar drops (like during sleep) the liver releases glycogen so the blood sugar level can stay normal—–> if liver is saturated with glycogen, then glucose is turned into triglycerol (fat cells) which is usually seen in people who have diets high in carbohydrates
glycogenesis
make glycogen
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen
gluconeogenesis
makes glucose out of other sources in the body
BADDDDD
occurs when not enough is consumed and the liver storage is depleted
Insulin
- released by beta cells
- only hormone known to lower blood glucose
- increases transport of glucose into cells
- inhibits gluconeogenesis
- increases protein production (glycemic control for wound healing)
glucagon
- produced by alpha cells
- provides increase in blood glucose during fasting
- initiate glycogenolysis
- regulated by blood glucose level
- increases conversion of amino acids to glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
- hyperglycemia
- impaired glucose regulation
- imbalance - gestational diabetes
- 2 types: type 1 and type 2
Type 1
- onset b/w 10-14 (but can be diagnosed later)
- treated with pump, shots/injection of insulin, organ (pancreas) transplant
- no insulin production
- symptoms 3Ps
- polyuria- increased urine production
- polydipsia- increased thirst- polyphagia- increased hunger (cells starving so they keep signaling )
- other S/S : sweet/fruity breath, weight loss w/o trying, elevated ketones
Type 2
- insulin resistance
- 90-95% of diabetes patients
- most diagnosed over 40, but now in obese children
- multifactorial (genetic, environmental/food)
- treated with oral hypoglycemic agents(stimulate B cells to produce more insulin)
- could result in an insulin dependent diabetic if not controlled
- macrovascular disease
- low levels of HDL (good cholesterol)
What increases risk of Type 2 diabetes
smoking, sedentary lifestyle, overweight, high fat and cholesterol levels,hypertension