Ch. 31 Flashcards
Autoimmunity
Normal protective immune response that turns against the body leading to tissue damage
Hypersensitivity
Body produces inappropriate responses to specific antigens
Gammopathies
Overproduction of immunoglobulnis
Primary immune deficiencies
Deficiency results from improper development of immune cells or tissues; congenital or inherited
Secondary immune deficiencies
Deficiency results from some interference with already developed immune system; usually acquired later in life
What is the function of bone marrow for immune system?
WBC are produced in bone marrow
-lymphocytes are generated from stem cells
**B cells and T cells
What is the function of the spleen for immune system?
Acts like a filter.
Composed of red pulp - where old RBCs are destroyed & White pulp - which contains lymphocytes
What is the function of lymph nodes for immune system?
Remove foreign material from lymph system before it enters bloodstream.
-Centers for immune cell proliferations
Bone Marrow creates B lymphocytes which turn into 1 of 2 things?
Memory cells
Plasma cells which create antibodies
The Thymus creates Regulator T cells which turn into what 1 of 2 cells?
Helper T cells
Suppressor T Cells
The Thymus creates Effector T cells which turns into
Cytotoxic T cells
What cells are involved in natural immune response?
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
Natural killer cells
Basophiles
Eosinophils
granulocytes
What are the granulocyte cells and how do they fight?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
-Releasing cell mediators (histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins) & by engulfing foreign bodies
What cell arrives first at site of inflammation?
Neutrophils
What cells increase in allergic reactions and stress responses?
Eosinophils & basophils
What are the nongranular leukocytes?
Monocytes/Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Monocytes function as
First on the scene
Phagoctosis
What are the chemical barriers that act in a nonspecific way to destroy bacteria and fungi?
Mucus, acidic gastric secretions
enzymes in tears and saliva
Substances in sebaceous and sweat
The acquired immune response is divided into 2 mechanisms?
cell-mediated response (involving t-cell activation)
Effector mechanism - involving B cell maturation & antibodies
What is active acquired immunity
Immunologic defenses developed by a persons own body
Passive acquired immunity is
temporary immunity transmitted from a source outside the body (disease or immunization)
1st line of defense is
Phagocytic immune response
2nd protective response is
Humoral immune response - B cells which transform into plamsa cells or antibodies
3rd mechanism of defense is
Cellular immune response - T lymphocytes which turn into cytotoxic T cells that attack pathogens
What are the 4 defined stages in an immune response?
-Recognition - lymph nodes/lymphocytes patrol & tag as foreign
-Proliferation - lymphocytes with antigenic message stimulate T & B cells to enlarge, divide and proliferate
-Response - produce antibodies and/or become attack cells
Effector - connects antigen on foreign invader
What is the humoral immune response?
production of antibodies by B lymphocytes in response to specific antigen
IgG
-in serum & Tissues
-Major role in bloodborn & tissue infections
-Activates complement system
-Enhances ohagocytosis
-Crosses placenta
IgG
-in serum & Tissues
-Major role in bloodborn & tissue infections
-Activates complement system
-Enhances ohagocytosis
-Crosses placenta
IgA
-in body fluids
-Protects against respiratory, GI and GU infections
-Prevents absoprtion of antigens from food
-Passes to neonate in breastmilk for protection
IgM
-in Intravascular serum
-Appears as 1st immunoglobulin produced in response to bacterial and viral infections
-Activated complement system
IgD
-in small amounts in serum
-Possibily influence B lympho differntiation
IgE
-Appears in serum
-Takes part in allergic/hypersensitivity reactions
-Combats parasitic infections
Antigenic determinant
portion of antigen involved in binding with antibody
What do helper T cells do?
Activated on recognition of antigens
then they secrete cytokines which attract B cells, cytotoxic t cells, NK cells, macrophages
*are activated on recognition of antigens and stimulate the rest of immune system
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
attack the antigen directly by causing cell lysis
What do suppressor T cells do?
decrease B cell production, thereby keeping the immune response at a level compatable with health
What do Null lymphocytes do?
destroy antigens already coated with antibody
(antibody-dependent, cell mediated cytotoxicity)
Complement has what 3 major physiologic functions?
- defending the body against bacterial infection
- bridging natural and acquired immunity
- disposing of immune complexes and by products assoc with inflammation
the complement cascade is activated by what 3 pathways?
Classic - after antibodies bind to microbes
Lectin - plasma protein binds to residue on microbe
Alternative - when complement proteins are activated on microbes
Interferon
Protein that is naturally produced and capable of activating other components of the immune system (suppressing antibody production & cellular immunity)
-antiviral and antitumor properties / used to treat immune-related disorders
-Produced by T lympho, B lympho and macrophages in response to antigens
Colony stimulating factors
regulate the production of differentiation, survival and activation of hematopoietic cells
What are some signs of immune dysfunction in respiratory system?
Changes in resp. rate
Cough
abnormal lung sounds
Rhinitis
Hyperventilation
Bronchospasm
What are some signs of immune dysfuntion in cardio system>
Hypotension
tachycardia
arrhythmia
vasculitis
anemia
What are some symptoms of immune dysfuntion in GI system?
Hepatosplenomegaly
Colitis
vomit
diarrhea
What are some symptoms of immune dysfuntion in GU system
Freq & buring urination
Hematuria
Discharge
What are some symptoms of immune dysfuntion of skin?
Rashes, lesions
Dermatitis, hematomas
edema
inflammation
What are some symptoms of immune dysfunction in the neurosensory system?
Cognitive dysfunction
hearing loss
visual changes
headaches
ataxia
tetany
What are the physical barriers of immune system?
Intact skin, mucous membranes, cilia of respiratory tract which prevent pathogens from gaining access to the body
When an immune response fails to develop and clear an antigen effectively the host is considered immunocompromised, if the response is overly robust what develops?
Allergies, asthma, autoimmune disease
What is an antibody?
a protein substance developed by the body, transported in the blood and attempts to disable invadres
What is an antigen?
the structural part of invading or attacking organisms that is responsible for stimulating antibody production
Recognition involves what parts of the body
lymph nodes and lymphocytes
What are the 6 cellular responses of T cells?
-transplant rejection
-delayed hypersensitivity
-graft vs host diease
-tumor surveillance or destruction
-intracellular infections
-viral, fungal, parasitic infections
Invading organisms have —–contained in their cell membrane that are recognized by immune cells
PAMPS
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Viral antigens produce what response
Cellular response
What is the 5 cellular functions of Humoral response (B cells)
-Bacterial phagocytosis & lysis
-anaphylaxis
-Allergic hay fever and asthma
-Immune complex disease
-Bacterial and some viral infections
The T lymphocytes are primarily responsible for
cellular immunity
HUMORAL
Cells
Function
B lymphocytes
Produced antibodies or immunoglobins
CELLULAR
cells
functions
T lymphocyte
Helper T
Suppressor T
Memory T
Cytotoxic T
-Attacks foreign invaders directly
-initiaites inflammatory response
-increased activated cytotoxic T cells
-increases B cell antibody
-Suppressed immune response
-lysis cells infected with virus
NONSPECIFIC
Cells
Function
Null cell / nK
Destroys antigens already coated with antibody
Defends against microorganisms and some types of malignant cells; produces cytokines
What is an interferon
a nonspecific viricidal protein that naturally produced by the body and capable of activating other components of immune system
-Antiviral & antitumor properties
-Produced by t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, and macrophages in response to antigens
What are colony-stimulating factors
group of naturally occuring glycoprotein cytokines that regulate production, differentiation, survival and activation of hemipoietic cells
