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115 LEC > Ch. 31 > Flashcards

Ch. 31 Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Normal protective immune response that turns against the body leading to tissue damage

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2
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Body produces inappropriate responses to specific antigens

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3
Q

Gammopathies

A

Overproduction of immunoglobulnis

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4
Q

Primary immune deficiencies

A

Deficiency results from improper development of immune cells or tissues; congenital or inherited

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5
Q

Secondary immune deficiencies

A

Deficiency results from some interference with already developed immune system; usually acquired later in life

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6
Q

What is the function of bone marrow for immune system?

A

WBC are produced in bone marrow
-lymphocytes are generated from stem cells
**B cells and T cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the spleen for immune system?

A

Acts like a filter.
Composed of red pulp - where old RBCs are destroyed & White pulp - which contains lymphocytes

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8
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes for immune system?

A

Remove foreign material from lymph system before it enters bloodstream.
-Centers for immune cell proliferations

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9
Q

Bone Marrow creates B lymphocytes which turn into 1 of 2 things?

A

Memory cells
Plasma cells which create antibodies

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10
Q

The Thymus creates Regulator T cells which turn into what 1 of 2 cells?

A

Helper T cells
Suppressor T Cells

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11
Q

The Thymus creates Effector T cells which turns into

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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12
Q

What cells are involved in natural immune response?

A

monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
Natural killer cells
Basophiles
Eosinophils
granulocytes

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13
Q

What are the granulocyte cells and how do they fight?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
-Releasing cell mediators (histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins) & by engulfing foreign bodies

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14
Q

What cell arrives first at site of inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

What cells increase in allergic reactions and stress responses?

A

Eosinophils & basophils

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16
Q

What are the nongranular leukocytes?

A

Monocytes/Macrophages
Lymphocytes

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17
Q

Monocytes function as

A

First on the scene
Phagoctosis

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18
Q

What are the chemical barriers that act in a nonspecific way to destroy bacteria and fungi?

A

Mucus, acidic gastric secretions
enzymes in tears and saliva
Substances in sebaceous and sweat

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19
Q

The acquired immune response is divided into 2 mechanisms?

A

cell-mediated response (involving t-cell activation)
Effector mechanism - involving B cell maturation & antibodies

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20
Q

What is active acquired immunity

A

Immunologic defenses developed by a persons own body

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21
Q

Passive acquired immunity is

A

temporary immunity transmitted from a source outside the body (disease or immunization)

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22
Q

1st line of defense is

A

Phagocytic immune response

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23
Q

2nd protective response is

A

Humoral immune response - B cells which transform into plamsa cells or antibodies

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24
Q

3rd mechanism of defense is

A

Cellular immune response - T lymphocytes which turn into cytotoxic T cells that attack pathogens

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25
Q

What are the 4 defined stages in an immune response?

A

-Recognition - lymph nodes/lymphocytes patrol & tag as foreign
-Proliferation - lymphocytes with antigenic message stimulate T & B cells to enlarge, divide and proliferate
-Response - produce antibodies and/or become attack cells
Effector - connects antigen on foreign invader

26
Q

What is the humoral immune response?

A

production of antibodies by B lymphocytes in response to specific antigen

27
Q

IgG

A

-in serum & Tissues
-Major role in bloodborn & tissue infections
-Activates complement system
-Enhances ohagocytosis
-Crosses placenta

28
Q

IgG

A

-in serum & Tissues
-Major role in bloodborn & tissue infections
-Activates complement system
-Enhances ohagocytosis
-Crosses placenta

29
Q

IgA

A

-in body fluids
-Protects against respiratory, GI and GU infections
-Prevents absoprtion of antigens from food
-Passes to neonate in breastmilk for protection

30
Q

IgM

A

-in Intravascular serum
-Appears as 1st immunoglobulin produced in response to bacterial and viral infections
-Activated complement system

31
Q

IgD

A

-in small amounts in serum
-Possibily influence B lympho differntiation

32
Q

IgE

A

-Appears in serum
-Takes part in allergic/hypersensitivity reactions
-Combats parasitic infections

33
Q

Antigenic determinant

A

portion of antigen involved in binding with antibody

34
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Activated on recognition of antigens
then they secrete cytokines which attract B cells, cytotoxic t cells, NK cells, macrophages

*are activated on recognition of antigens and stimulate the rest of immune system

35
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

attack the antigen directly by causing cell lysis

36
Q

What do suppressor T cells do?

A

decrease B cell production, thereby keeping the immune response at a level compatable with health

37
Q

What do Null lymphocytes do?

A

destroy antigens already coated with antibody
(antibody-dependent, cell mediated cytotoxicity)

38
Q

Complement has what 3 major physiologic functions?

A
  1. defending the body against bacterial infection
  2. bridging natural and acquired immunity
  3. disposing of immune complexes and by products assoc with inflammation
39
Q

the complement cascade is activated by what 3 pathways?

A

Classic - after antibodies bind to microbes
Lectin - plasma protein binds to residue on microbe
Alternative - when complement proteins are activated on microbes

40
Q

Interferon

A

Protein that is naturally produced and capable of activating other components of the immune system (suppressing antibody production & cellular immunity)
-antiviral and antitumor properties / used to treat immune-related disorders
-Produced by T lympho, B lympho and macrophages in response to antigens

41
Q

Colony stimulating factors

A

regulate the production of differentiation, survival and activation of hematopoietic cells

42
Q

What are some signs of immune dysfunction in respiratory system?

A

Changes in resp. rate
Cough
abnormal lung sounds
Rhinitis
Hyperventilation
Bronchospasm

43
Q

What are some signs of immune dysfuntion in cardio system>

A

Hypotension
tachycardia
arrhythmia
vasculitis
anemia

44
Q

What are some symptoms of immune dysfuntion in GI system?

A

Hepatosplenomegaly
Colitis
vomit
diarrhea

45
Q

What are some symptoms of immune dysfuntion in GU system

A

Freq & buring urination
Hematuria
Discharge

46
Q

What are some symptoms of immune dysfuntion of skin?

A

Rashes, lesions
Dermatitis, hematomas
edema
inflammation

47
Q

What are some symptoms of immune dysfunction in the neurosensory system?

A

Cognitive dysfunction
hearing loss
visual changes
headaches
ataxia
tetany

48
Q

What are the physical barriers of immune system?

A

Intact skin, mucous membranes, cilia of respiratory tract which prevent pathogens from gaining access to the body

49
Q

When an immune response fails to develop and clear an antigen effectively the host is considered immunocompromised, if the response is overly robust what develops?

A

Allergies, asthma, autoimmune disease

50
Q

What is an antibody?

A

a protein substance developed by the body, transported in the blood and attempts to disable invadres

51
Q

What is an antigen?

A

the structural part of invading or attacking organisms that is responsible for stimulating antibody production

52
Q

Recognition involves what parts of the body

A

lymph nodes and lymphocytes

53
Q

What are the 6 cellular responses of T cells?

A

-transplant rejection
-delayed hypersensitivity
-graft vs host diease
-tumor surveillance or destruction
-intracellular infections
-viral, fungal, parasitic infections

54
Q

Invading organisms have —–contained in their cell membrane that are recognized by immune cells

A

PAMPS
pathogen-associated molecular patterns

55
Q

Viral antigens produce what response

A

Cellular response

56
Q

What is the 5 cellular functions of Humoral response (B cells)

A

-Bacterial phagocytosis & lysis
-anaphylaxis
-Allergic hay fever and asthma
-Immune complex disease
-Bacterial and some viral infections

57
Q

The T lymphocytes are primarily responsible for

A

cellular immunity

58
Q

HUMORAL
Cells
Function

A

B lymphocytes
Produced antibodies or immunoglobins

59
Q

CELLULAR
cells
functions

A

T lymphocyte
Helper T
Suppressor T
Memory T
Cytotoxic T
-Attacks foreign invaders directly
-initiaites inflammatory response
-increased activated cytotoxic T cells
-increases B cell antibody
-Suppressed immune response
-lysis cells infected with virus

60
Q

NONSPECIFIC
Cells
Function

A

Null cell / nK
Destroys antigens already coated with antibody
Defends against microorganisms and some types of malignant cells; produces cytokines

61
Q

What is an interferon

A

a nonspecific viricidal protein that naturally produced by the body and capable of activating other components of immune system

-Antiviral & antitumor properties
-Produced by t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, and macrophages in response to antigens

62
Q

What are colony-stimulating factors

A

group of naturally occuring glycoprotein cytokines that regulate production, differentiation, survival and activation of hemipoietic cells

115 LEC (5 decks)

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