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Microbiology Quiz 2 Ch 2-3.1 > Ch 3.1 > Flashcards

Ch 3.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the basic characteristics of living things?

A

Cellularity, growth by a simulation, metabolism, reproduction, and responsiveness.

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2
Q

Define natural selection, and explain how it leads to changes in species.

A

Natural selection is not the survival of the fittest. Individuals in populations are genetically varied, and depending on the environment, a particular individual will be able to produce more offspring at a higher rate than others, making their traits predominate in future generations.

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3
Q

Explain cell theory

A
  1. The cell is the basic unit of life.
  2. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
  3. All cells come from other cells (biogenesis).
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4
Q

Define prokaryotic cells

A

Two organisms in the domain; Archea and bacteria. Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound nucleus and tend to be smaller than eukaryotic cells.

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5
Q

Typical structure of prokaryotic cells

A

Structure; capsule, cytoplasm, cell membrane, pili, flagella, ribosomes, plasmids, nucleoid region, and glycocalyx.

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6
Q

What doesn’t prokaryotic cells have?

A

Membrane bound nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies.

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7
Q

Glycocalyx
(Sugar cup)

A

Function; protect the cell/allow for attachment
Composed of; polysaccharides/proteins, or both. (External structure).

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8
Q

Capsule
(Type of glycocalyx)

A

Firmly attached to cell surface, in some pathogens, and protects from immune cells.

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9
Q

Slime layer
(Type of glycocalyx)

A

Loosely attached, doesn’t really protect from immune cells, but holds more water, so it attaches to cell walls and protects against dehydration.

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10
Q

Motility

A

Ability to move through the environment.
(External structure)

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11
Q

Flagellum

A

Propels cell in environment. Consist of three parts; Basal body, hook, and filament. (External structure).

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12
Q

Filament

A

Part of flagellum, it is a long, hollow shaft made of many flagellin (protein). If it needs to get longer, they just send more flagellin to build the cell. Can rotate 360°.

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13
Q

Basal body

A

Part of flagellum. Microtubular structure that provide the template for the nine-fold symmetry upon which the cilium is assembled.

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14
Q

Hook

A

Part of flagellum. Spins and creates bend, and operates like propeller.

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15
Q

Filament

A

Part of flagellum. Made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. These structures give the cell its shape and help organize the cell’s parts. In addition, they provide a basis for movement and cell division.

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16
Q

Polar
(Flagellar arrangement)

A

Flagella at one or both ends of the cell.

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17
Q

Monotrichous

A

Only one flagellum at one end of the cell.

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18
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Tuft/multiple flagellum together at one end of the cell.

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19
Q

Amphitrichous

A

One or more flagellum at both ends of the cell.

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20
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagellum cover the cell perimeter.

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21
Q

“Run and tumble”

A

Run; movement in a straight line, occurs when flagellum rotates counterclockwise. Tufts of flagella will bundle and rotate together.
Tumble; abrupt, random changes in direction when flagellum rotates clockwise. Tufts of flagella will become unbundled.

22
Q

Taxis

A

Movement in response to stimulus (external environment)
Require cell surface receptors (integral in peripheral membrane proteins)

23
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Chemical

24
Q

Phototaxis

A

Light

25
Q

Magnetotaxis

A

Magnetic field

26
Q

Geotaxis

A

Gravity

27
Q

Positive taxis and negative taxis

A

Positive taxis; movement towards stimulus, increases the number of runs (ccw)
Negative taxis; movement away from stimulus, increases the number of tumbles (random direction changes)

28
Q

Fimbriae and pili

A

Non-metal structures used for attachment.

29
Q

Pili

A

Longer than fimbrae, shorter than flagella, hollow tube used for attachment to surfaces or to other cells. Most common is the sex pilus.

30
Q

Fimbrae

A

Short, numerous bristle, like surface projections that are made of protein. Stick cells to one another or to a surface (biofilms) or to a host cell (pathogens).

31
Q

Importance of cell walls in bacteria

A

Provide structure, shape, protect from osmotic forces, aid in attachment, and aid in a eluding antimicrobial drugs.

32
Q

Animal cells do not have cell walls?

A

True

33
Q

Bacteria and Archaea have different cell wall chemistry?

A

True

34
Q

What are bacterial walls composed of?

A

Composed of the sugar molecule peptidoglycan. Long strings of two alternating sugars; N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).

35
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

For amino acid linking (proteins) and NAG and NAM together (sugars).

36
Q

Stain used to identify whether a bacteria is gram-positive bacteria/negative bacteria

A

Crystal violet

37
Q

If the organism can hold the purple stain, is it gram-positive or gram-negative?

A

Gram positive - thick cell membrane

38
Q

gram-positive

A

Has a thick cell membrane wall (peptidoglycan), and has teichoic and lipoteichoic acids.

39
Q

Teichoic acids

A

Help ions pass through wall.

40
Q

Lipoteichoic acids

A

Link cell wall to cell membrane.

41
Q

acid fast bacteria

A

Bacteria has an additional layer of mycolic acid which is very waxy and hydrophobic coding, which can prevent staining with Crystal light, making them appear pink (gram negative).

42
Q

How to tell that a acid fast bacteria is gram-positive?

A

Use carbol fusion and then wash with decolorizer (acid). If stained bright pink color, this means that it is acid fast and therefore gram positive.

43
Q

Gram-negative

A

Thin membrane wall (peptidoglycan) and has extra membrane -outer layer.

44
Q

What are the components of the gram-negative outer membrane?

A

Phospholipids, channel proteins, lipopolysaccharide (lipid A + polysaccharide)

45
Q

Endotoxin

A

Aka lipid A, released when Graham negative bacteria are killed, which can cause fever, vasodilation, shock, and blood clotting.

46
Q

Why would antibiotics possibly not work on Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Antibiotics may not have an effects because they may not be able to penetrate outer cell membrane walls.

47
Q

Spherical cell shape

A

Coccus (cocci)
Diplococci- 2
Streptococci- chain
Cocci specific; tetrads (4), sarcinae (8/cube), staphylo (a bunch)

48
Q

Oblong, rod

A

Bacillus (bacilli)
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Bacilli specific; v-shaped (cells fail to divided and break) and palisade (side by side/stacked)

49
Q

Curved

A

Vibrio

50
Q

Spiral

A

Spirillum (stiff)
Spirochete (flexible)

51
Q

Pleomorphic

A

Varies in shape and size; doesn’t fit into other categories.

52
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells have glycocalyces, flagella and fimbriae and pilli?

A

No, these are just structures that are unique to prokaryotes, not found in eukaryotes.

Microbiology Quiz 2 Ch 2-3.1 (3 decks)

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