Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology Quiz 2 Ch 2-3.1 > Ch 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define atom

A

Smallest part of a substance that cannot be broken down chemically.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define molecule

A

Group of atoms, bonded together, and all the smallest functional unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define compound

A

A substance made of two or more elements, chemically bonded to each other in a fixed ratio. (Ex. H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define element

A

A chemical element that cannot be broken down into other substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Creation of large molecules from smaller monomers, wearing a water molecule is released. (Breaks bonds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. A larger molecule forms two smaller molecules and water is consumed as a reactant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Inorganic

A

Compound that lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Organic

A

Compound that contains carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substances composed of nonpolar molecules that repel bodies of water and attract other nonpolar substances. Does not dissolve in water. (Ex. Alkanes, oils and fats.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hydrophilic

A

“Water loving”, attracted to water and tends to dissolve in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pH

A

Measure of how acidic or basic something is. 1-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, and 8-14 is basic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the six most common elements of biological molecules

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and Sulfur (CHONPS).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ionic bond

A

Attraction of ions to other ions. Ions are formed when an atom loses or gains an electron. Common between metals and nonmetals. (Ex. Ca + F= CaF2).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Covalent

A

An atom shares, one or more pairs of electrons with another atom and forms a bond. Common between two nonmetals. (Ex. C + O2= CO2).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Chemical bond between a hydrogen atom and electronegative atom. Not ionic or covalent, but a dipole-dipole bond (Ex. Hydrogen bonds with oxygen from another water molecule).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metallic bond

A

Force that holds Adam together in metallic substances. Solid due to tightly packed atoms. Outer electron shells overlapping allow for valence electrons to move freely.
(Ex. Aluminum foil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe chemical properties of water in the importance of each to life.

A

Universal solvent, cohesion, ice is less dense than water, high, specific heat, and high heat of vaporization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules, mostly polymers made of monomers.

19
Q

List the four macromolecules important to life

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

20
Q

Carbohydrates
(composed of, bonds, functions, examples)

A

Monosaccharides, glycosidic bonds, function; structure and energy storage, ex. glucose/cellulose.

21
Q

Lipids

A

Do not dissolve in water.
Triglycerides with phospholipid linkages.
2 types; FA polymers and steroids.

22
Q

FA polymer

A

Multiple FA’s, ester bond backbone, phospholipid bonds, energy reserves, cell membrane. Kinds: Saturated, unsaturated, phospholipids (amphipathic).

23
Q

Saturated

A

No double bonds. Complete amount of H-bonds so solid at room temperature. Ex. Butter

24
Q

Unsaturated

A

Double bonds exist so liquid at room temperature. Ex. Oil

25
Q

Phospholipids (amphipathic)

A

2 FA monomers + 1 phosphate linked to glycerol backbone. Non-polar fatty acid “tails” and polar phosphate “heads.”

26
Q

Amphipathic

A

Hydrophobic at one end and hydrophilic at the other.

27
Q

Steroids

A

4-ring structure, not a polymer and no FA monomers. Used for hormones and light harvesting. (Ex. Cholesterol- important to low temp to help keep fluidity).

28
Q

Proteins

A

Complex polymer of AA, covalently bonded by peptide bonds. 20 different versions encoded by DNA. Components: alpha carbon, basic group, carboxyl group, and r-group. Function as; enzymes, antibodies, structures, transporters, and receptors.

29
Q

R-group

A

Specify reactivity of AA.

30
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

Sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain which determine DNA sequence of the corresponding gene and determines all other higher levels of structure.

31
Q

Secondary structure of proteins

A

Hydrogen bonds between peptide backbone (carboxyl and amino groups). R-groups not included. (Ex. Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheets).

32
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Shape formed by hydrophobic amino acids from water and shape is stabilized between R-groups by different bonds; hydrogen, ionic, covalent, and disulfide bonds.

33
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

For many proteins, this is the functional structure. Shape is stabilized by binds between R-groups. Refers to arrangement of proteins subunits.

34
Q

Nucleic Acids
(Monomers, bonds, structure, examples)

A

Composed of Nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. Basic structure; nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate. Function; genetic info, energy (ATP), e- carriers. (Ex. RNA/DNA).

35
Q

DNA
(Nucleic acid)

A

Nucleotide = deoxyribose + phosphate + a base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). Polymer is often double stranded, and twisted and strands run in opposite directions.

36
Q

RNA
(Nucleic acid)

A

Nucleotide = ribose + phosphate + a base. Polymer is often a single strand.

37
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A.k.a. simple sugars, simplest form of sugar in basic unit carbohydrates are built. Since it is the simplest form, it cannot be decomposed into simpler sugars through hydrolysis.

38
Q

Disaccharide

A

Any class of sugars that contain two monosaccharides, joined by a glycosidic bond.

39
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Several sugar is connected through a glycosidic bond. Can be branched or unbranched.

40
Q

Hydroxyl functional group

A

O-H

41
Q

Amino functional group

A

N
(Nitrogen)

42
Q

Carboxyl functional group

A

COOH
(Carbon is double bonded to an oxygen)

43
Q

Sulfhydryl functional group

A

SH
(S-H)

44
Q

Phosphate functional group

A

P double bonded to OH

Microbiology Quiz 2 Ch 2-3.1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions