Ch. 30 & 31 Flashcards
1
Q
Name major structures in the hematopoietic system.
A
Bone marrow, Blood, Lymphatic system.
2
Q
What is a type of anemia in which erythrocytes become sickle or crescent shaped when oxygen supply in the blood is inadequate?
A
Sickle cell
3
Q
What blood type is considered a universal recipient?
A
AB blood type
4
Q
Foreign material, their numbers increase in allergies, some dermatological disorders, and parasitic infections
A
Eosinophils
5
Q
Is the liquid,or serum, portion of blood. It consists of 90% water and 10% proteins
A
Plasma
6
Q
What signs do you typically have when you have leukopenia?
A
Fever, sore throat, chills
7
Q
Define leukocytosis and leukopenia
A
Leukocytosis: increased number of leukocytes
Leukopenia: decreased number of leukocytes
8
Q
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
A
Thymus gland, spleen, and a network of sympathetic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph.
9
Q
What is acute chest syndrome?
A
A type of pneumonia triggered by decreased hemoglobin and infiltrates in the lungs.
10
Q
A
11
Q
Any malignant blood disorder in which proliferation of luekocytes, usually in an immature form, is unregulated
A
Luekemia
12
Q
What term means opening a vein to withdraw blood?
A
Phlebotomy
13
Q
Hemoglobin levels for someone with sickle cell disease
A
7-10 g/dL
13
Q
Signs and symptoms of Hypovolemic anemia
A
changes in vital signs noted, signs of shock with severe loss
14
Q
The manufacture, and development of blood cells
A
Hematopoiesis
14
Q
The red color of blood is the result of
A
Hemoglobin
15
Q
Found in the ribs, sternum, skull, clavicles, vertebrae, proximal ends of the long bones and iliac crest
A
Red marrow
15
Q
What are the hallmarks of luekemia?
A
Infections, fatigue from anemia, and easy bruising
16
Q
Blood consists of cells suspended in a fluid called
A
Plasma
16
Q
Normal range of hemoglobin:
A
12.0 to 17.4
17
Q
A term that refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin.
A
Anemia
17
Q
What does the lymphatic system include?
A
Thymus gland, spleen, and a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph.
18
Q
Is a hormone released by the kidneys
A
Erythropoietin
18
Q
The term ____ refers to conditions in which a component that is necessary to control bleeding.
A
Coagulopathy
19
small hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes, or subcutaneous tissues.
Purpura
19
How does thrombocytopenia occur?
When the platelets manufactured by the bone marrow are decreased or platelet destruction by the spleen in increased.
20
Term that refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin
Anemia
20
Leukocytosis
An increased number of leukocytes above normal limits
21
The normal number of erythrocytes varies with age, gender, and altitude and ranges between ____- and ____
3.6 and 5.4 million/mm
21
Define erythrocytes:
RBCs; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
22
List the 4 blood groups and which one can everyone receive?
A, B, AB, O and everyone can receive O negative.
22
What is the most abundant protein in plasma
Albumin
23
What is the first symptom of multiple myeloma?
The first symptom usually is vague pain in the pelvis, spine, or ribs.
24
Normal lab value of platelets
150,000-450,000
25
Treatment for sickle cell disease
supportive, blood transfusions, medications to treat symptoms.
26
The basic nutritional component of heme in hemoglobin
Iron
27
What are signs for Leukopenia
Fever, sore throat, chills
28
The building block of hemoglobin and the enzymes involved in red blood cell production
Protein
29
Hemophilia is inherited from..
mother to son
30
Thrombocytopenia
A lower-than-normal number of platelets or thrombocytes
31
Define purpura
Small hemorrhages in the skin
32
What is fibrinogen's function
It plays a key role in forming blood clots
33
Is a term that refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin
Anemia
34
refers to conditions in which numbers of all marrow produced blood cells are reduced
pancytopenia
35
Treatment for Iron-deficiency
Determine the cause and eliminate it. Correct diet, add supplements
36
Define osteoclasts
Cells hat breakdown and remove bone cells
37
What is the most common type of hemophilia?
Hemophilia A, and it results from a deficiency of factor VIII
38
Most common cause of agranulocytosis is toxicity from drugs such as..
sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, antineoplastics, and some psychotropic medications.
40
What is sickle cell disease
A type of anemia in which erythrocytes become sickle - crescent- shaped when oxygen supply in the blood is inadequate
41
Blood dyscrasias
Abnormalities in numbers and types of blood cells, and coagulopathies,bleeding disorders that involve platelets or clotting factors
42
Define leukemia
Any malignant blood disorder in which proliferation of leukocytes is unregulated
43
What are the signs and symptoms of hypovolemic anemia?
Extreme pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, reduced urine output, and altered consciousness
44
Hemolytic
Generic term for anemia when caused by other conditions, such as malaria
45
What are the major groups of thalassemias?
Alpha-thalassemias and beta-thalassemias
46
____ anemia is a consequence of blood loss
Hypovolemic anemia
47
Thrombocytopenia
Lower than normal number of platelets or thrombocytes
48
enlargement of the spleen
splenomegaly
49
Signs and symptoms of Sickle cell disease
Family history, cells clog, reducing blood flow, causes severe pain, ischemia, fever, possible tissue infarction
50
Pancytopenia
Conditions in which numbers of all marrow-produced blood cells are reduced.
51
What is the largest lymphatic structure
The spleen
52
Define chelation therapy
A process in which heavy metals such as iron are pharmacological removed from the blood
53
If an older adult is anemic, blood loss from the..
GI or genitourinary tract is suspected.
54
What causes iron deficiency anemia?
Develops when iron is insufficient to produce hemoglobin.
55
What refers to conditions in which a component that is necessary to control bleeding is missing or inadequate?
coagulopathy
56
What does the Sickledex test do?
Determines the presence of abnormal HbS
57
What is the universal donor blood type?
O
58
What is anemia?
Is a term that refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin.
59
Coagulopathy
Conditions in which a component that is necessary to control bleeding
60
Specific type of white blood cells
Lymphocytes
61
Can a O+ receive O- blood ?
yes...
62
Hemophilia assessment findings
Persistent oozing and sometimes severe bleeding that occurs spontaneously or after an injury are manifestation's of the disease
63
Conditions in which numbers of all marrow produced blood cells are reduced
Pancytopenia
64
What should you take with iron to promote its absorption
Vitamin C
65
Osteoclasts
Cells that break down and remove bone cells, which result in increased blood calcium and pathological fractures
66
What are thalassemias?
Hereditary hemolytic anemias
67
How much water does plasma contain?
90%
68
Disorder involving an absence or reduction of a clotting factor.
Hemophilia
69
Blood consists of cells suspended in a fluid called?
Plasma
70
T or F?
Most common cause of iron deficiency in anemia in n men and postmenopausal women is bleeding?
True
71
Tonsils rating- tonsils are visible
1
72
What is the age of onset for acute lymphocytic leukemia?
Younger than 5 years; uncommon after 15 years.
73
Define plasma
Liquid or serum portion of blood
74
Osteolytic tumors
Bone destroying. Produce a “punched-out” or “honeycombed” appearance in bones such as spine, ribs,skull, pelvis, femurs, clavicles, and scapulae
75
A hormone released by the kidneys
Erythropoietin
76
Tonsils rating- tonsils extend medially toward the uvula
2
77
What is modified trendelenburg position ?
Laying flat with feet above heart...
78
What is the normal range of hemoglobin in adults?
12.0-17.4 g/dL
79
Tonsils rating- tonsils touch the uvula
3
80
Is caused by a loss of blood volume, which results in fewer blood cells
Hypovolemia
81
What is coagulopathies?
Refers to conditions in which a component that is necessary to control bleeding.
82
Graft-versus-host disease
The foreign donor cells destroy the recipients tissues and organs.
83
Erythrocytosis treatment
Reduce volume of circulating blood, chemotherapy agents to curb excessive bone marrow production
84
Multiple myeloma is a malignancy involving plasma cells, which are _____________ cells in bone marrow
B lymphocyte
85
Tonsils rating- tonsils touch each other
4
86
What medication inhibits inflammatory immune response?
Corticosteroids
87
2 common types of coagulopathies
Thrombocytopenia and Hemophilia
88
What is the normal range for leukocytes
5000-10000
89
Disklike non nucleated cell fragments with a lifespan of approximately 7.5 days
Platelets
90
Phlebotomy
Opening a vein to withdraw blood.
91
Signs and symptoms of anemia?
Frequent infections, unusual bleeding
92
What is the basic nutritional component of heme?
Iron
93
What is pupura?
Small hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes, or subcutaneous tissues.
94
Fortified breads and cereals, green leafy veggies, orange juice, and dried peas and beans are rich sources of what?
Folate
95
Folic acid-deficiency treatment
folic acid supplements and diet
96
_____ is performed to determine the status of blood cell formation
Bone marrow aspiration
97
What is the lifespan of platelets?
7.5 days
98
What are the 2 major groups of thalassemias?
Alpha and beta
99
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulin
Clotting factors
100
Signs and symptoms of Hemophilia A,B,C
Persistent oozing, severe bleeding
101
What is the largest lymphatic structure
Spleen
102
Polycythemia Vera
Characterized by a greater- than- normal number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
103
Hypovolemic treatment
contain the loss, blood transfusions, surgical need for underlying issues
104
Hemolytic
Generic term for anemia when caused by other conditions such as malaria.
105
Treatment for hemophilia
Blood transfusions, frozen plasma, clotting factors
106
What is the preferred site to obtain a sample of bone marrow
Posterior superior Iliac crest
107
What is heme?
Pigmented, iron-containing portion of hemoglobin.
108
What blood type is a universal donor?
O
109
____ anemia develops when iron is insufficient to produce hemoglobin
Iron-deficeincy anemia
110
Is formed in the liver is the most abundant protein in the plasma
Albumin
111
Is formed in the liver is the most abundant protein in the plasma
Albumin
112
Signs of leukopenia
Fever, sore throat, chills
113
what are the three types of Hemophilia
A, B and C
114
What can promote iron absorption?
Vitamin c
115
What are some examples of rich sources of food folate?
Fortified breads and cereals
green leafy vegetables
orange juice
dried peas and beans
116
What is evidenced by purpura?
Thrombocytopenia
117
What is the schilling test used to determine?
The etiology of vitamin b12 deficiency causing pernicious anemia
118
true or false
Blood type O can be given to a person who is A positive
True
119
Define heme
Pigmented, iron containing portion of hemoglobin
120
You have a patient with systolic blood pressure below 90mm Hg and heart rate above 100 beats/min. What is this a sign of ?
Hypovolemic shock...
121
Primarily functions as immunologic agents they prevent or modify some types of infectious diseases
Globulins
122
Primarily functions as immunologic agents they prevent or modify some types of infectious diseases
Globulins
123
What is bone marrow?
Soft tissue inside bones that manufactures blood cells
124
Plays a key roll in forming blood clots
Fibrinogen
124
What shape do sickle cells become?
Crescent shaped
(When oxygen supply in blood is inadequate)
125
Correct sequence using a Z-track technique
1. Add 0.2mL of air to the filled syringe
2. Pull the tissue laterally until it is taut
3. Insert the needle at a 90° angle.
4. Depress the plunger of the syringe
5. Wait 10 seconds with the needle in place
6. Release the taut skin
126
What is the reduction of all marrow produced blood cells?
Pancytopenia
127
Correct sequence using a Z-track technique
1. Add 0.2mL of air to the filled syringe
2. Pull the tissue laterally until it is taut
3. Insert the needle at a 90° angle.
4. Depress the plunger of the syringe
5. Wait 10 seconds with the needle in place
6. Release the taut skin
128
People with AB blood is considered what?
universal recipient's
129
Assessment findings for Folic- Acid- Deficiency Anemia
Severe fatigue, a sore and beefy red tongue, dyspnea. nausea, anorexia, headaches, weakness, and light-headedness.
130
True or false
The thymus gland is located in the abdomen beneath the diaphragm
False
131
T or F
Folic acid deficiency anemia is characterized by immature erythrocytes?
True
132
Hereditary hemolytic anemias
Thalassemias
133
What are the four main types of blood?
A, B, AB, and O
134
Where is the thymus located?
In the upper chest
135
What is believed to reduce sickling by promoting the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?
Inhaled nitric oxide
136
What test is used to determine etiology of vitamin B12?
Schilling test
137
The three proteins in plasma
Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen
138
____ anemia is a generic term that refers to the consequence of a widely diverse group conditions, some acquired, for an example malaria: some hereditary and some idiopathic in which there is chronic premature destruction of erthocytes
Hemolytic anemia
139
Why is a bone marrow aspiration performed?
To determine the status of blood cell formation
140
What is blood dycrasias?
Abnormalities in the numbers and types of blood cells, and coagulopathies, bleeding disorders that involve platelets or clotting factors
141
T or F? Neutrophils are a major component of the inflammatory response and defense against bacterial infections?
TRUE!
142
What is the process in which heavy metals such as iron are pharmacologically removed from the blood to prevent organ damage and death?
Chelation therapy
143
What is used to determine the etiology of vitamin B12 deficiency causing pernicious anemia?
Schilling test
144
What develops when a client lacks the intrinsic factor, which normally is present in stomach secretions, or fails to consume sufficient dietary sources of the extrinsic factor?
Pernicious anemia
145
____ are hereditarily hemolytic anemias?
Thalassemias
146
