Ch. 3 Study Guide Neoplasms Flashcards
neoplasm =
new growth
A tumor is . . .
- swelling or neoplasm
- benign or malignant
Leukemia is . . .
malignant disease of bone marrow with an increase in WBCs.
A hematoma is a . . .
blood tumor, not cancerous.
Neoplasms are classified 2 ways . . .
- according to appearance & growth
- tissue of origin.
Appearance and growth is either . . .
benign or malignant.
Benign tumors are . . .
- confined
- will not spread
- noncancerous
Malignant tumors . . .
- metastasize to other areas
- cancerous
Tissue of origin means . . .
named according to where the tumor is found,
Lipoma is . . .
a fatty tumor.
A neuroma is . . .
a nerve tumor.
Ex: Morton’s neuroma - benign.
Epithelial tissue - benign tumor of a gland - _______, malignant neoplasm of skin/epithelial tissues = _______.
- adenoma
- carcinoma
Connective tissue (bone, muscle, fat) - benign tumor of bone = _______; malignant neoplasm = _______
- osteoma
- osteosarcoma
_______ - neoplasm from connective tissue (spread quickly, highly malignant).
Sarcoma
Lymphatic/Blood-forming tissues - lymphomas =
malignant neoplasms
All leukemias and lymphomas are . . .
malignant.
Normal cell growth and function are regulated by what 3 factors:
- genes
- contact w/other cells (2 normal cells contact each other and transmit a signal to stop growing.)
- growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting substances - when they stop growing, they perform their specific functions (they differentiate into their specializations.)
Benign neoplasm growth specifics (7):
- they might retain some normal structure/function
- usually encapsulated
- easy to remove
- slower growing than malignant neoplasms
- can push on nerve endings causing pain, loss of sensation/movement
- could cause over/under hormone secretion
- brain tumor could cause death even though benign
Malignant neoplasm (cancer) growth specifics (8):
- growth pattern is uncontrollable/has no purpose
- does not have normal structure/function
- structure is haphazard and inconsistent
- no differentiation/no specialized function
- not encapsulated
- crab-like in appearance/claw-like extensions invading surrounding tissue
- metastasizes to distant sites
- angiogenesis occurs
Angiogenesis occurs to increase blood flow because of what growth?
cancer; malignant neoplasm
Angiogenesis causes normal cells to be deprived of nutrients and causes . . .
cachexia
Cachexia is . . .
when a person loses weight and appears frail and weak.
Hyperplasia is . . .
too much growth.
Neoplasm is . . .
new growth (abnormal cells).
Hyperplasia and neoplasm both produce . . .
masses.
Hyperplasia characteristics (3):
- usually occurs in stimulus
- when stimuli are removed, tissue goes back to normal (callus)
- too much/too little hormone can cause hyperplasia (goiter and BPH)
Neoplasms = increase in # of _______ cells.
abnormal
Ex. leiomyoma (uterine fibroids)
Mutations cause . . .
cancer.
Genetic mutation is caused by a _______ (HPV), _______ (benzene), or _______ (x-rays).
These are all cancer-causing substances or . . .
virus, chemical, radiation
- carcinogens
Our immune system can revert mutated cells back to normal. T/F
True
Precancerous cells cannot be removed surgically to prevent the progression to cancer cells. T/F
False
Dysplasia =
abnormal cells (cervical dysplasia).
Carcinoma in situ . . .
where the abnormal cells begin to develop.
Ex. carcinoma in situ of the cervix (found on Pap). Cancer can be eliminated at this stage by surgery.
Local invasion =
developing roots.
Growth causes _______ blood supply leading to weakening of _______.
- decreased
- tissue or necrosis
Once cancer metastasizes, it is spread through . . .
the blood or the lymph.
Lymph metastasizes _______.
carcinomas
Since lymph nodes filter cancer cells, they are . . .
usually removed surgically.
Lymph nodes near the tumor site . . .
filter cancer cells.
When too many cancer cells are present, and the lymph node is full, they are unable to . . .
filter more cells.
When the lymph nodes are full and unable to filter more cells, the unfiltered cells . . .
spill into the bloodstream.
Surgical cure is better with lymph node involvement. T/F
False
Malignant cancers:
Epithelial =
Connective =
and . . .
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Leukemias
(Figure 3-2)
Sarcomas metastasize through . . .
the bloodstream.
Common sites of bloodstream metastasis are:
liver, lungs, and brain
With bloodstream metastasis, the secondary cancer site is . . .
usually discovered first.
Cavity metastasis means it is . . .
within a serous cavity (watery)
pleural or peritoneal cavity
Grading of cancer determines the degree of _______.
abnormality I - IV
with microscopic exam of tumor
Staging of cancer determines the degree of _______
extent of spread I - IV
Differentiated =
looks like tissue of origin
Undifferentiated =
anaplastic or abnormal compared to tissue of origin
highly malignant - poor prognosis
Grade I is _______ aggressive/severe.
less
Grade IV is _______ aggressive/severe.
most
Ex. Gleason’s score for prostate cancer
The extent of the spread of cancer is expressed by . . .
staging I - IV.
Cancer stage is determined in what 4 ways:
- examination
- x-rays
- biopsy
- surgery
The stage is notated by roman numerals _______ or by _______.
I - IV
TNM
TNM is . . .
T = tumor (size and extent) N = node (involvement) M = metastasized (to other sites)
Grading and staging are predictors of prognosis, but _______ is a better indicator.
staging
Carcinogenesis =
cancer development
What are the 8 causes of cancer development?
- chemicals
- hormones
- radiation
- viruses
- genetic disposition
- drugs/alcohol
- diet
- sexual behavior
The chemicals primarily involved in cancer causation are _______ (environmental) and _______ (food/drinks).
- asbestos
- benzene, aspartame
What hormones are linked to cancer?
estrogen and testosterone
In what ways is radiation linked to cancer?
- x-rays
- sun
- CT scan
- tanning beds
What viruses have been linked to cancer?
HPV (human papillomavirus) - cervical cancer
EBV (Epstein-Barr) - mono - Burkitt’s lymphoma
Hepatitis B - liver cancer
What 2 types of cancer have a genetic predisposition?
colon and breast
People who smoke and consume large amounts of alcohol could have cancer . . .
in the lungs, mouth, throat, and esophagus.
Regarding our diets:
Fruit/Vegetables are our organic _______
High fat intake = endometrial, _______, _______ cancer
Saccharin = _______ cancer
Nitrates (meat preservatives) = _______ cancer
- medicines
- breast, colon
- bladder
- stomach
Sexual behavior can contribute to cervical cancer in what manner?
HPV
What are the 3 most deadly types of cancer?
lung, breast, and colon
Cancer prevention =
lifestyle changes (smoking/diet/UV exposure/exercise)
More than a _______ people a year are stricken with cancer.
million
Cancer causes more than _______ of the deaths in the US.
half
One out of _______ deaths is due to cancer.
four
Prognosis usually depends upon _______ rate, even of _______, when discovered, effectiveness of current _______.
- metastatic
- spread
- treatment
The survival rate for cancer is approximately . . .
50%.
What are the 2 most common types of cancer?
Basal and squamous cell carcinoma (seldom fatal)
Routine screening includes what tests?
- Pap
- mammograms
- colonoscopies
- occult blood stool
The cancer warning signs: (CAUTION)
C - change in bowel/bladder habits
A - a sore that does not heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - thickening or lump in breast/elsewhere
I - indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O - obvious change in wart/mole
N - nagging cough/hoarseness
Once discovered what tests can gain more info on the size and location of a tumor?
- computed tomography (CT)
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI
- positron emission tomography (PET)
Diagnosis can be made in what 3 ways?
- cytology
- aspiration biopsy
- needle biopsy
Cytology is . . .
microscopic examination of cell.
Aspiration biopsy is . . .
a needle attached to suction that removes a small piece of the tumor.
Needle biopsy is . . .
a needle punching through the tumor. If the needle is small it’s called a fine needle biopsy)
Endoscopy can be any type of scope; bronchoscope, gastroscope, colonoscope. Then _______ is performed.
surgical biopsy
What is a frozen section?
A pathologist can make a rapid diagnosis of whether a tumor is benign or malignant.
Is pain usually an early symptom of cancer?
No, except for ovarian cancer.
A tumor can cause an obstruction in the _______ or _______.
- bronchus
- intestines
An ulceration/bleeding could cause acute or chronic blood loss or anemia. _______ test can detect hidden blood loss in feces.
Hemoccult
- Common with malignant neoplasms
- Decrease in RBC production or hemorrhage
Anemia
What contributes to pathologic fractures?
- tumor invaded bone and caused weakness
- primary or secondary with lung, breast, or prostate cancer readily spreading to bone
What contributes to cancer-related infection?
- tumor ulceration or caused from chemo impairing WBCs, or radiation affecting red bone marrow causing decreased WBC production
What are the 3 types of cancer treatment?
- curative - treatment aimed at a cure
- palliative - relieve symptoms
- preventative - prevention
Surgery is considered curative for _______, palliative for _______, and preventative for _______.
- curative for tumor removal
- palliative as intestinal obstruction, bleeding, or perforation
- preventative as colon polypectomy or prophylactic mastectomy
Chemotherapy can be combined with _______, effective at treating _______, can affect our normal cells found in the _______, can cause nausea, vomiting, hair loss, anemia, and _______.
- surgery and radiation therapy.
- rapidly growing cells.
- epithelium, hair, bone marrow
- impaired immunity.
Radiation treatment of residual tumor postop or tumors not surgically _______, palliative radiation can shrink tumor to _______, can be external with direct radiation or internal using _______ that are implanted in the body, both disrupt ______ and interferes with cell _______ and _______, goal to destroy tumor without _______, can also cause nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and _______.
- accessible or operable
- relieve discomfort
- radioisotope beads, seeds, or ribbons
- DNA,
- growth
- replication
- affecting normal tissue
- impaired immunity
Hormone therapy can cause regression of tumor in _______, used as _______ treatment for metastatic tumors.
- breast/prostate
- palliative
