CH 1 Intro to Human Disease/CH 2 Mechanisms of Disease Flashcards
1
Q
Disease, disorder, and syndrome can sometimes be used interchangeably. T/F
A
True
2
Q
Disease is . . .
A
a change from normal.
3
Q
Disorder is . . .
A
derangement or abnormality of function.
4
Q
A syndrome is . . .
A
group of symptoms that could be caused by a specific disease.
5
Q
Pathology is the study of . . .
A
disease.
patho = disease, ology = study of
6
Q
Microorganisms that cause disease are . . .
A
pathogens.
Ex. bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminths (worms).
7
Q
How a disease progresses is . . .
A
pathogenesis.
patho = disease, genesis = arising
8
Q
Pathogens can be acute or chronic. T/F
A
True
9
Q
Define acute:
A
Quick onset.
10
Q
Define chronic:
A
Progresses slowly.
11
Q
Etiology is the . . .
A
study of the cause of disease.
12
Q
Idiopathic means . . .
A
unknown cause.
13
Q
Iatrogenic:
A
The problem is caused by the prescribed treatment.
14
Q
Nosocomial:
A
The disease is acquired from the hospital setting.
15
Q
Predisposing factor and risk factors are not the same. T/F
A
False
16
Q
A risk factor makes a person more susceptible to disease. T/F
A
True
17
Q
A risk factor (predisposing factor) is the cause of disease. T/F
A
False
18
Q
Name 5 risk factors:
A
- age
- sex
- environment
- lifestyle
- heredity
19
Q
Men are more prone to _______ while women are more prone to _______.
A
gout
osteoporosis
20
Q
Environmental factors (air/water pollution) can lead to respiratory and GI disease. T/F
A
True
21
Q
Name 5 lifestyle factors:
A
- smoking
- drugs/alcohol
- poor nutrition
- lack of exercise
- stress
22
Q
Diseases associated with heredity are:
A
- coronary artery disease (CAD)
- breast cancer
- cervical cancer
23
Q
Lifestyle factors affect every predisposing factor. T/F
A
True
24
Q
Diagnosis is . . .
A
the identification or naming of a disease.
25
What three things are needed to make a diagnosis?
- medical history
- physical examination
- diagnostic tests
26
Symptoms are not to be reported by the patient. T/F
False
| stomach pain, headache, nausea etc.
27
Signs are what the physician _______ or _______.
- sees
| - measures
28
Using a stethoscope to listen to body cavities is called?
auscultation
29
Feeling lightly or pressing firmly on internal organs or structures is called?
palpation
30
Percussion is . . .
tapping over various body areas to produce a vibrating sound.
31
The four most common diagnostic tests are:
- urinalysis (UA)
- complete blood count (CBC)
- chest x-ray (CXR)
- electrocardiogram (EKG)
32
The expected outcome of disease:
prognosis
33
Define acute disease:
Sudden onset , lasting a short period of time.
34
Define chronic disease:
Slow progression, longer period of time.
35
Chronic disease can go through periods of:
remissions and exacerbations
36
Symptoms diminished or temporarily resolved is . . .
remission.
37
When symptoms flare up or become worse, its called . . .
exacerbation.
38
The mortality rate of a disease is related to the # of people who _____ over a certain period of _____.
- die
| - time
39
The survival rate is the % of people with a certain disease who _____ over a set period of time.
- live
40
An outlined plan of care:
Treatment
41
Name 5 preventive treatments:
- mammogram
- BP screening
- Pap tests
- routine dental care
- hemoccult stool tests for colon cancer
42
Define palliative treatment:
To prevent pain and discomfort although not curing the disease.
43
Ethics is a study of standards of conduct and
moral judgment.
44
What is created when challenges concerning medical ethics arise in a health care facility?
An ethics committee
45
What are the 6 causes of disease?
- heredity
- trauma
- inflammation and infection
- hyperplasias and neoplasias
- nutritional imbalance
- immunity
46
Heredity is . . .
problems with chromosomes/genes
47
Congenital is . . .
present at birth.
48
Are all congenital disorders hereditary?
No, fetal alcohol syndrome and cerebral palsy (difficult delivery)
49
Name the 3 types of hereditary disease - abnormalities of:
- single genes
- several genes (polygenic)
- chromosomes
50
Trauma is the leading cause of _______ in children and young adults with _______ being the most common.
death
| motor vehicle accidnts (MVA)
51
Prioritizing care in the ER:
Triage
52
ABC prioritizing method consists of:
```
A = Airway
B = Breathing
C = Cardiac function
```
53
Inflammation is comprised of these 5 -
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of motion
54
-itis means what?
inflammation
55
Infection is an invasion of _______.
microorganism
| bacteria, virus, fungi, etc.
56
Define hyperplasia:
Excessive growth in response to a stimulus.
| Ex. thyromegaly
57
Define neoplasia:
- New growth or tumors, not necessarily cancerous.
- suffix -oma
- can be benign or malignant
58
Benign neoplasms are usually what 4 things.
- usually encapsulated
- limited growth
- easy to remove
- not deadly
59
Malignant neoplasms are what 5 things.
- opposite of benign
- grow uncontrollably
- finger-like projections
- hard to remove
- usually deadly
60
Malignant neoplasms usually metastasize. What does that mean?
Move from the original site to another site
61
Good nutrition prevents _______
disease.
62
Nutritional disorders can cause problems in what 3 manners?
- problem with normal growth
- mental retardation
- death in extreme cases
63
Is a nutritional disorder related to overconsumption or underconsumption?
Both
| Ex: malnutrition, obesity, excessive or deficient vitamins and minerals
64
Cachexia:
Ill, sick, and wasted appearance
| malnutrition
65
The body can receive nutrients in which 2 different ways?
- oral
| - parenteral
66
Describe parenteral nutrition.
- not through the alimentary canal
| - piercing the skin
67
What are the 3 types of parenteral nutrition:
- subcutaneous (under the skin)
- intramuscular (IM - through the muscle)
- intravenous (IV - through the vein)
68
What is the most common type of parenteral nutrition?
IV - intravenous
69
Define TPN:
Total parenteral nutrition - meaning all nutrition is given through the vein.
70
Nutrition can also be provided by what other 3 measures?
- enteral route (small intestine)
- NG tube (nasogastric)
- gastrostomy (tube from abdomen to stomach)
This is called 'enteral feeding' or 'tube feeding.'
71
- overconsumption/lack of exercise
- shortens life span by increasing risk of arteriosclerosis, leading to CV disease
- increased pressure on the skeleton can lead to bone and joint problems
obesity
72
What is the 1st line of defense against pathogens?
Immunity
73
The body fights infection in what 2 ways?
- inflammatory response (WBCs)
| - specific antigen-antibody reactions (B cells)
74
An antigen is the substance that . . .
causes harm or is foreign.
75
The body produces _______ to fight antigens.
antibodies
76
impaired immunity =
system malfunctions
77
Give 3 examples of system malfunctions:
- allergy (basophils producing excess histamine)
- autoimmunity (body attacks itself)
- immunodeficiency (decrease in WBCs)
78
Diseases in aging are . . .
degenerative.
79
Aging is determined by what 5 factors?
- genes
- lifestyles
- stress
- diet
- environment
80
The body replaces and repairs itself throughout its lifetime. As we age, this process slows. What are the things that change or slow down?
- skin
- endocrine function
- vision
- muscle strength
81
What are the two types of cellular injury due to some type of trauma?
Hypoxia - not enough oxygen
| Anoxia - no oxygen
82
Cell regeneration depends on what factors?
- type of cell
- type of cell injury
- amount of time the cell is injured
83
Heart, brain, and nerve cells are easily injured and die which means . . .
no mitosis.
84
What cells have mitosis to easily repair themselves?
- connective cells
| - epithelial cells
85
What are the 6 types of cellular adaptation?
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- dysplasia
- metaplasia
- neoplasia
86
Atrophy is . . .
without growth due to aging or disease.
| Ex. muscle and bone size
87
Hypertrophy is . . .
excessive growth.
| Ex. skeletal and heart muscle (weight lifting/diseased heart)
88
Hyperplasia is . . .
increased growth - increased # of cells
| Ex. callus formation due to tissue irritation
89
Dysplasia is . . .
bad/difficult growth - usually follows hyperplasia
**can change back to normal once stimulus is removed, but can also progress to neoplasia (tumor)
Ex. cervical dysplasia
90
Metaplasia is . . .
cell changes to another type of cell.
Ex. smoking causing ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the respiratory tract to turn into stratified squamous cells (reversible if smoking ceases)
91
Neoplasia is . . .
new growth, uncontrolled abnormal growth
| Ex. rectal neoplasia
92
Ischemia is . . .
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or body part.
93
Ischemia causes _______
hypoxia - not enough blood getting to the tissues.
94
Necrosis is . . .
cellular death.
95
Ischemia causes hypoxia, which causes _______, and this causes _______.
- necrosis
| - infarct
96
An infarct is usually an obstruction of _______.
arteries - MI
97
Gangrene is _______ tissue with _______ involvement.
- necrotic
| - -bacterial
98
What are the 3 types of gangrene?
- wet
- dry
- gas
99
Wet gangrene is . . .
sudden stoppage of blood flow.
| burning, freezing, embolism
100
Dry gangrene is . . .
blood flow slowed for a long period of time.
| arteriosclerosis, advanced diabetes
101
Gas gangrene is . . .
dirty, infected wounds with anaerobic bacteria that produce a toxic gas.
(acute, painful, fatal)
102
The state of being diseased:
morbidity.
