Ch. 3: Social Development

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

A dual process of interaction and dev. through which humans learn.

Question 2

Socialization teaches what?

Answer 2

Members of a society their social role.

Question 3

Social Influences - Infancy

Answer 3

Infant becomes actively involved in their environment.
Egocentric and asocial period.
First few mo. included limited social interaction.
Interaction is result of caregiver interaction.

Question 4

3 forms of early social attachment

Answer 4

1) visual exchange and reciprical touch; 2) distress; 3) caregiver recognition.

Question 5

Social Influences in Infancy - Newman & Newman

Answer 5

4 stages

Question 6

St. 1: 0-3 mo.

Answer 6

Infant visually tracks, gazes, cries smiles

Question 7

St. 2: 3-6 mo.

Answer 7

Infant distinguishes between strangers and familiar figures.

Question 8

St. 3: 7mo.-2 yrs.

Answer 8

Infant is adept at locomotion

Question 9

St. 4

Answer 9

Infant learns to control use of arms and hands in order to respond or pursue human touch.

Question 10

Social Influences - Childhood

Answer 10

Family, school, play

Question 11

Play…

Answer 11

Crucial part of learning the rules of society.

Function: unproductive, spontaneous, voluntary.

Question 12

Social Influence - Childhood

Solitary Play

Answer 12

Between 24 and 30 mo.

Child is more interested in their own activity.

Question 13

Social Influence - Childhood

Parallel play

Answer 13

2-3 yrs.
More aware of other children around them.
More likely to play by self.

Question 14

Social Influence - Childhood

Associative Play

Answer 14

From 3-4 yrs. the child may begin to exchange toys (sharing is caring)
No group goal.

Question 15

Social Influence - Childhood

Cooperative Play

Answer 15

4-5 yrs.

Question 16

Social Influences - Adolescence

1)

Answer 16

Family’s influence diminishes.
Movement ability helps to determine peer group.
Peer group pressures members to conform

Question 17

Gender role Identification & P.A.

Answer 17

Gender role conflict experienced by girls who participate.
Attribution
Even after Title IX, there is still a gap in participation between girls and boys.

Question 18

Social Influences - Adolescence

2)

Answer 18

Girls are at risk – physical inactivity and obesity.
Barriers to girls’ participation in physical activity.
1) Self-consciousness
2) Lack of motivation
3) Limited amount of time
4) Lack of social support

Question 19

Social Influences - Adolescence

3)

Answer 19

Team play

Benefits of team play…. The adolescent.

Question 20

Self-Esteem Dev. & P.A.

Answer 20

1) Self-esteem

2) Self-concept

Question 21

Self-Esteem def.

Answer 21

How much we believe ourselves to be competent, successful, significant, and worthy; or how much we like ourselves.

Question 22

Self-Concept def.

Answer 22

Our perception of self.

Question 23

Social Factors - Adulthood

1)

Answer 23

Adulthood begins at age 20.
Staying engaged in physical activity requires a conscious effort.
Negative social forces on physical activity are more apparent in women.

Question 24

Social Factors - Adulthood

2)

Answer 24

The physical inactivity trend begins between 18 and 34.
Age grading
Ageism

Question 25

The Exercise Aging Cycle

Answer 25

Heart disease, blood pressure, pains –> age, exercise –> fat, physical abilities, strength energy –> feeling old, acting “one’s age”, stress, anxiety, depression –> starts over