Ch. 3: Social Development Flashcards
Socialization
A dual process of interaction and dev. through which humans learn.
Socialization teaches what?
Members of a society their social role.
Social Influences - Infancy
Infant becomes actively involved in their environment.
Egocentric and asocial period.
First few mo. included limited social interaction.
Interaction is result of caregiver interaction.
3 forms of early social attachment
1) visual exchange and reciprical touch; 2) distress; 3) caregiver recognition.
Social Influences in Infancy - Newman & Newman
4 stages
St. 1: 0-3 mo.
Infant visually tracks, gazes, cries smiles
St. 2: 3-6 mo.
Infant distinguishes between strangers and familiar figures.
St. 3: 7mo.-2 yrs.
Infant is adept at locomotion
St. 4
Infant learns to control use of arms and hands in order to respond or pursue human touch.
Social Influences - Childhood
Family, school, play
Play…
Crucial part of learning the rules of society.
Function: unproductive, spontaneous, voluntary.
Social Influence - Childhood
Solitary Play
Between 24 and 30 mo.
Child is more interested in their own activity.
Social Influence - Childhood
Parallel play
2-3 yrs.
More aware of other children around them.
More likely to play by self.
Social Influence - Childhood
Associative Play
From 3-4 yrs. the child may begin to exchange toys (sharing is caring)
No group goal.
Social Influence - Childhood
Cooperative Play
4-5 yrs.
Social Influences - Adolescence
1)
Family’s influence diminishes.
Movement ability helps to determine peer group.
Peer group pressures members to conform
Gender role Identification & P.A.
Gender role conflict experienced by girls who participate.
Attribution
Even after Title IX, there is still a gap in participation between girls and boys.
Social Influences - Adolescence
2)
Girls are at risk – physical inactivity and obesity.
Barriers to girls’ participation in physical activity.
1) Self-consciousness
2) Lack of motivation
3) Limited amount of time
4) Lack of social support
Social Influences - Adolescence
3)
Team play
Benefits of team play…. The adolescent.
Self-Esteem Dev. & P.A.
1) Self-esteem
2) Self-concept
Self-Esteem def.
How much we believe ourselves to be competent, successful, significant, and worthy; or how much we like ourselves.
Self-Concept def.
Our perception of self.
Social Factors - Adulthood
1)
Adulthood begins at age 20.
Staying engaged in physical activity requires a conscious effort.
Negative social forces on physical activity are more apparent in women.
Social Factors - Adulthood
2)
The physical inactivity trend begins between 18 and 34.
Age grading
Ageism
The Exercise Aging Cycle
Heart disease, blood pressure, pains –> age, exercise –> fat, physical abilities, strength energy –> feeling old, acting “one’s age”, stress, anxiety, depression –> starts over
