ch. 3: psychosocial theories and therapy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the id?
A
reflects basic or innate desires
-pleasure-seeking
-aggression
-sexual impulses
-seeks INSTANT gratification
2
Q
What is the superego?
A
reflects moral and ethical concepts, values, and parental and social expectations
-IN DIRECT OPPOSITION TO THE ID
3
Q
What is the ego?
A
balancing or meditating force btwn the id and superego
-represents mature and adaptive behavior
4
Q
What are conscious thoughts?
A
perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that exist in the person’s AWARENESS
5
Q
What are preconscious thoughts?
A
NOT currently in the person’s awareness, but they can recall them with some effort
6
Q
What are unconscious thoughts?
A
realm of thoughts/feelings that motivates a person eve thought they are TOTALLY UNAWARE of them
7
Q
What is the Freudian slip?
A
slip of the tongue that are indications of subconscious feelings
8
Q
What did Freud think about dreams?
A
that they reflect a person’s subconscious
9
Q
What is dream analysis?
A
used in psychoanalysis, involves discussing a pt’s dreams to discover their true meaning and significance
10
Q
What is free association?
A
the therapist says a word and asks the pt to respond quickly with the first thing that comes to mind
11
Q
What are ego defense mechanisms?
A
methods of attempting to protect the self and cope w/ basic drives or emotionally painful thoughts, feelings, or events
12
Q
What is compensation?
A
overachievement in one area to offset real or perceived deficiencies in another area
13
Q
What is conversion?
A
expression of an emotional conflict through the development of a physical symptom, usually sensorimotor in nature
14
Q
What is denial?
A
failure to acknowledge an unbearable condition; failure to admit the reality of a situation or how one enables the problem to continue
15
Q
What is displacement?
A
Ventilation of intense feelings toward persons less threatening than the one who aroused those feelings
16
Q
What is dissociation?
A
dealing w/ an emotional conflict by a temporary alteration in consciousness or identity
-ex: amnesia
17
Q
What is fixation?
A
immobilization of a portion of the personality resulting from unsuccessful completion of tasks in a developmental stage
18
Q
What is identification?
A
modeling actions and opinions of influential others while searching for identity, or aspiring to reach a personal, social, or occupational goal
19
Q
What is intellectualization?
A
separation of the emotions of a painful event or situation from the facts involved ; acknowledging the facts but NOT the emotions
20
Q
What is introjection?
A
accepting another person’s attitudes, beliefs and values as one’s own
21
Q
What is projection?
A
Unconscious blaming of unacceptable inclinations or thoughts on an external object
22
Q
What is rationalization?
A
excusing own behavior to avoid guilt, responsibility, conflict, anxiety, or loss of self-respect
23
Q
What is reaction formation?
A
acting the opposite of what one thinks or feels
24
Q
What is regression?
A
moving back to a previous developmental stage to feel safe or have needs met
25
What is repression?
excluding emotionally painful or anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness
26
What is resistance?
overt or covert antagonism toward remembering or processing anxiety-producing Information
27
What is sublimation?
substituting a socially acceptable activity for an impulse that is unacceptable
-ex: going an a 15 min walk when tempted to eat junk food
28
What is substitution?
replacing the desired gratification wth one that is more readily available
29
What is suppression?
conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness
30
What is undoing?
exhibiting acceptable behavior to make up for or negate unacceptable behavior
-ex: person who cheats on spouse brings the a bouquet of flowers
31
What is transference?
client displaces onto the therapist attitudes and feelings
32
What is countertransference?
occurs when the therapist displaces onto the client attitudes or feelings from his/her past
33
What s Freud's ORAL developmental stage?
(birth to 18 months)
-major site of gratification/tension in the mouth, lips, tongue
34
What s Freud's ANAL developmental stage?
(18-36 months)
-anus/surrounding area is major source of interest
-potty training
35
What s Freud's PHALLIC/OEDIPAL developmental stage?
(3-5 years)
-genital is focus of interest
36
What s Freud's LATENCY developmental stage?
(5-11 or 13 years)
-sexual drive channeled into socially appropriate activities
37
What is Freud's GENITAL developmental stage?
(11-13 years)
-begins w/ puberty and biologic capacity for orgasm; involves capacity for true intimacy
38
What does psychoanalysis focus on?
-discovering the causes of the clients unconscious and repressed thoughts, feelings, and conflicts believed to cause anxiety
-helping the client gain insight and resolve these conflicts and anxieties
39
What is Erickson's 1st stage of psychosocial development?
-TRUST VS MISTRUST (infant)
-virtue: hope
-task: view the world as safe and reliable, relationships as nurturing, stable, and dependable
40
What is Erickson's 2nd stage of psychosocial development?
-AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT (toddler)
-virtue: will
-task: achieve a sense of control and free will
41
What is Erickson's 3rd stage of psychosocial development?
-INITIATIVE VS GUILT (preschool)
-virtue: purpose
-task: begin development of CONSCIENCE; learning to manage conflict and anxiety
42
What is Erickson's 4th stage of psychosocial development?
-INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY (school age)
-virtue: competence
-task: emerging confidence in owns abilities; taking pleasure in accomplishments
43
What is Erickson's 5th stage of psychosocial development?
-IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION (adolescence)
-virtue: fidelity
-task: formulating a sense of self and belonging
44
What is Erickson's 6th stage of psychosocial development?
-INTIMACY VS ISOLATION (young adult)
-virtue: love
-task: forming adult, loving relationships, and meaningful attachments to others
45
What is Erickson's 7th stage of psychosocial development?
-GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION (middle adult)
-virtue: care
-task: being creative and productive; establishing the next generation
46
What is Erickson's 8th stage of psychosocial development?
-EGO INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR
-virtue: wisdom
-task: accepting responsibility of ones self and life
47
What is the prototaxic mode according to Sullivan?
-characteristics of infancy and childhood
-involves brief, unconnected experiences that have no relationship to one another
-ex: adults w/ schizophrenia exhibit persistent prototaxic experiences
48
What is the parataxic mode according to Sullivan?
begins in early childhood as the child begins to connect experiences in sequence
-Sullivan explained paranoid ideas and slips of the tongue as a person operating in the parataxic mode
49
What is the syntaxic mode according to Sullivan?
begins in school aged children
-person begins to perceive begins to perceive him/herself and the world within the context of the environment and can analyze experiences in a variety of settings
50
What does participant observer mean?
Sullivan coined this term for the therapists role, means the therapist both participates in and observes the progress of the relationship
51
What is milieu therapy?
involves clients interactions w/ one another, practicing interpersonal skills, giving one another feedback about behavior, and working cooperatively as a group to solve day to day prblms
52
Who developed the concept of the therapeutic nurse-pt relationship?
Peplau
53
What are the 4 phases of a therapeutic nurse-pt relationship?
1) Orientation
2) identification
3) exploitation
4) resolution
54
What is the orientation phase?
directed by the nurse and involves engaging the client in treatment, providing explanation and information, and answering questions
55
What is the identification phase?
begins when the client works interdependently with the nurse, expresses feelings, and begins to feel stronger, roles of pt and nurse are clarified
56
What is the exploitation phase?
client makes FULL USE of the services provided
57
What is the resolution phase?
client no longer needs professional services and gives up dependent behavior
-relationship ENDS
58
What is the "stranger" role of the nurse?
offers client the same acceptance and courtesy that the nurse would to any stranger
59
What is the "resource person" role of the nurse?
providing specific answers to ?s within a larger context
60
What is the "teacher" role of the nurse?
helping the client learn formally or informally
61
What is the "leader" role of the nurse?
offering direction to the client or group
62
What is the "surrogate" role of the nurse?
serving as a substitute for another, such as a parent or sibling
63
What is the "counselor" role of the nurse?
promoting experiences leading to health for the client, such as expression of feeling
64
What is considered MILD anxiety?
-positive state of heightened awareness and sharpened senses, allowing the person to learn new behaviors and solve problems
-Person can take in all available stimuli
65
What is considered MODERATE anxiety?
-involves decreased perceptual field (focus on immediate task only)
-Person can learn new behavior or solve problems only w/ assistance
-Another person can redirect the person to the task.
66
What is considered SEVERE anxiety?
-involves feelings of dread or terror
-Pt CANNOT be redirected to task; they follow cues only on scattered details
-has physiological s/s: tachycardia, diaphoresis, chest pain. PT may go to ED thinking theyre having a heart attack
67
What is considered PANIC anxiety?
-can involve loss of rational thought, delusions, hallucinations, and complete physical immobility and muteness
-Pt may bolt and run aimlessly often exposing themselves to injury
68
What does HUMANISM focus on?
focuses on a person's positive qualities, their capacity to change (human potential), and promotion of self-esteem
69
What is Maslow's HIERARCHY OF NEEDS?
1) physiologic needs (food, water, shelter, etc)
2) safety and security
3) love and belonging needs
4) esteem needs
5) self-actualization
70
What did Carl Rogers describe CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY as?
focuses on role of client instead of therapist as the key to healing process. Each person experiences the world differently and knows his/her own experiences best
71
What is unconditional positive regard?
nonjudgemental caring for the client that is not depndent on the clients behavior
72
What is genuineness?
realness or congruence btwn what the therapist feels and what they say to the client
73
What is empathetic understanding?
therapist sesnes the feelings and personal meaning from the client and communicates this inderstanding to the client
74
What does BEHAVIORISM focus on?
focuses on observable behaviors and what one can do externally to being about behavior chnages. DOES NOT attempt to explain how the mind works
75
What experiment is Pavlov known for?
classical conditioning
76
What does operant conditioning mean (Skinner)?
ppl learn their behaviors from their hx or past experiences
-all behavior is learned
-consequences result from behavior
-continuous reinforcement is fastest way but wont last long
-random interm reinforcement is slower but lasts longer
77
What is behavior modification?
method of attempting to strengthen a desired behavior response by reinforcement (positive or negative)
78
What is positive reinforcement?
the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior
79
What is negative reinforcement?
removing a negative stimulus to strengthen a behavior
80
What is systematic desensitization?
used to help pts overcome irrational fears and anxiety associated w/ phobias
-pt is gradually exposed to more and more anxiety-provoking situations
81
What do existential theorists believe?
that behavioral devastations result when a person is out of touch w/ him or herself or the environment
82
What is cognitive therapy?
focuses on immediate thought processing (how a person perceives or interprets his/her experience and determines how she/he feels and behaves
83
What are "irrational beliefs"?
Ellis believed ppl use these to make themselves unhappy
84
What are automatic thoughts?
-cause unhappiness in certain situations
-A: activating stimulus or event
-B: blank in the persons mind
-C: excessive inappropriate response
85
What is a crisis?
turning point in an individual's life that produces an overwhelming emotional response
86
What is a maturational crisis?
aka developmental crisis,
-predictable events in the normal course of life, like
1) leaving home
2) getting married
3) having a baby
87
What is a situational crisis?
unanticipated or sudden events that threaten the individual's integrity, like
1) death of a loved one
2) loss of a job
3) physical or emotional illness in the individual or fam member
88
What is an adventitious crisis?
aka social crisis
1) natural disasters: floods, hurricane, earthquakes
2) war
3) terrorist attacks
4) riots
5) violent crimes: rape. murder
89
Are all crises negative?
no
90
What is crisis described as?
self-limiting, lasts for 4-6 weeks
91
What are the 3 ways a crisis is resolved?
1) person returns to their pre-crisis level of functioning
2) person begins functioning at a higher level
3) person begins functioning at a level LOWER than precrisis functioning
92
What are types of crisis interventions?
1) directive: designed to asses the persons health status and promote prblm solving
2) supportive: aim at dealing w/ persons needs for empathetic understanding
93
What is individual psychotherapy?
one to one relationship btwn client and therapist
-ppl seek this therapy based ondesire to understand themselves and their behavior, to make personal changes, to improveinterpersonal relationships, or to get relief from emotional pain or unhappiness
94
What is a psychotherapy group?
members learn about their behavior and make positive changes in their behavior by interacting and communicating w/ others
95
What are open groups?
ongoing and run indefinitely, members are allowed to join and leave as they need to
96
What are closed groups?
structured to keep same members in group for a specified number of sessions
97
What are complementary medicines?
therapies used WITH conventional medicine
98
What is alternative medicine?
therapies USED IN PLACE of conventional treatment
99
What is integrative medicine?
COMBINES conventional medical therapies and CAM therapies that have scientific evidence supporting their safety and effectiveness
100
What is psychiatric rehabilitation?
providing services to ppl w/ severe and persistent mental illness to help them live in the community
101
What is psychosocial interventions?
nursing activities that enhance the clients social and physiological functioning and improve social skills, interpersonal relationships, and communication
