Ch. 3 - Principles of Neoplasia Flashcards
(blank) is a malignant tumours originating from epithelium.
carcinoma
(blank) is a malignant tumour originating from mesenchyme.
sarcoma
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) carcinoma or germ cell line tumours.
hepatocellular
beta-hCG is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) cancer(s).
trophoblastic
what are the trophoblastic cancers?
Hydatidiform mole, Chorio-carcinoma, Embryonal carcinoma
CA-125 is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) carcinoma.
ovarian
CA-15-3 is a tumour marker indicative of {(blank) carcinoma.
breast
CA-19-9 is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) or (blank) cancer.
colon or pancreatic
Calcitonin is a tumour marker indicative of…
{{c1::medullary carcinoma of the thyroid}}
How many cellular division occurs in a neoplastic cell population before the earliest clinical symptoms arise?
30
How many doublings does it take for a tumour to reach 1 g in mass?
30
How many doublings does it take for a tumour to reach 1 kg in mass?
40
How many isoforms of G6PD or HUMARA will neoplastic tissue express?
one
How many isoforms of G6PD will normal, polyclonal tissue express?
Two; in a 1:1 ratio
Neuron specific enolase (NSE) is a tumour marker indicative of….
small cell carcinoma of the lung
On which chromosome is the Ig heavy chain gene found?
14
Only (blank) tumours have the possibility to exhibit associated fever and/or weight loss.
malignant
Osteoblastic radio-dense loci are seen with (blank) cancer. It also involves increased serum ALP indicative of reactive bone formation.
prostate
Osteolytic radiolucent loci are seen in (blank) cancer due to production of osteoclast activating factors by the tumour.
breast
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a tumour marker indicative of (blank)cancer.
prostate
The (blank) lymph node(s) is the first node or group of nodes to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumour in a regional lymphatic basin.
sentinel
To which protein in the basal lamina do cancer cells bind in tumour invasion/spread?
Laminin
To which protein in the extracellular matrix do cancer cells bind to spread locally?
Fibronectin
What are the 2 types of malignant tumours that do not exhibit metastasis?
Basal cell carcinoma and glioma
What are the 4 carcinomas that spread hematogenously?
Renal cell carcinoma; hepatocellular carcinoma; follicular carcinoma of the thyroid; choriocarcinoma
What is anaplastic tissue?
:Abnormal tissue/cells that lack differentiation.
What is cancer cachexia?
The loss of body fat, wasting and profound weakness during cancer
What is characteristic of a Stage IV cancer?
Advanced stage with distant metastasis
What is desmoplastic tissue?
Fibrous tissue made in response to neoplasm.
What is the action of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)?
It stimulates VEGF transcription.
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for chromogranin, bombesin or synaptophysin?
Neuro-endocrine.
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)?
Epithelium.
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)?
Glial cells
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for muscle specific antigen?
Muscle.
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) or beta-hCG?
Germ cell tumour of the testes
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for S-100, melanin or HMB-45?
Melanocyte
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for thyroglobulin?
Thyroid follicle
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for vWF or CD31?
Blood vessel
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm with visible Birbeck granules?
Histiocyte
what is the appearance of Birbeck granules?
Birbeck Granules have a tennis racket appearance; Seen in Histiocytosis X
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm with visible Weibel Palade bodies?
Endothelium
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)?
Germ cell tumour of the testes or ovaries or live
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for CD10 (CALLA)?
B cell lymphoblast
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for desmin?
Muscle.
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA)?
Leukocytes.
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for vimentin?
Mesenchyme.
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive keratin or cytokeratin?
Epithelium
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm with visible neuro-secretory granules?
Neuro-endocrine
What is the kappa:lambda ratio of immunoglobulin light chains in neoplastic B cells?
> 6:1 or 1:3
What is the most common carcinogen worldwide?
Cigarette smoke
What is the most common carcinogen worldwide?
Cigarette smoke
What is the most common cause of cancer incidence?
Breast/prostate
What is the most common cause of cancer mortality?
Lung cancer
What is the ratio of kappa:lambda immunoglobulin light chains in normal B-cells?
3:1
is the ratio of Iight:heavy chains maintained in hyperplasia?
yes
What is the second most important prognostic staging factor for cancer?
Spread to regional lymph nodes
What is the single most important prognostic staging factor of cancer?
Metastasis
Where do testicular tumours metastasize to?
Para-aortic lymph nodes
Where does breast cancer metastasize to?
Lung or bone
Where does prostate cancer metastasize to?
Bone
Where does Stomach adenocarcinoma metastasize to?
Virchow’s left supraclavicular node
Which 2 angiogenic growth factors are commonly produced by tumour cells?
FGF; VEGF
Which 2 proteins expressed on the X-chromosome are often used to determine the clonality of new tissue growth?
G6PD; Androgen Receptor
Which agent secreted by small cell carcinoma of the lung can cause Lambert-Eaton syndrome as a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Autoantibodies against Ca channels at the NMJ
Which cancer is associated with Aflatoxins?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Which cancer is associated with Alcohol?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx/upper esophagus; Hepatocellular carcinoma
Which cancer is associated with Alkylating Agents?
:Leukemia/lymphoma
Which cancer is associated with aromatic amines (e.g. benzidine; 2-naphthylamine)?
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Which cancer is associated with Arsenic?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin; Lung cancer; Angiosarcoma of the liver
Which cancer is associated with Asbestos?
Lung cancer; Mesothelioma
is lung cancer or mesothelioma more likely following asbestos expsoure?
lung cancer
Which cancer is associated with Beryllium?
Lung carcinoma
Which cancer is associated with Chromium?
Lung carcinoma
Which cancer is associated with cigarette smoke?
Carcinoma of the oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder and pancreas
Which cancer is associated with Clonorchis sinensis (Liver fluke)?
Cholangiocarcinoma
Which cancer is associated with Helicobacter pylori?
Gastric adenocarinoma; MALT Lymphoma
Which cancer is associated with Naphthylamine?
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
Which cancer is associated with Nickel?
Lung carcinoma
Which cancer is associated with Nitrosamines?
Gastric carcinoma
Which cancer is associated with Radon?
Lung cancer; Radon is the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoke.
Which cancer is associated with Schistosoma haematobium?
{{c1::Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder}}
Which cancer is associated with Silica?
{{c1::Lung carcinoma}}
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)?
Metastases to bone; Paget disease of bone; Seminoma (due to placental ALP)}}
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker CA-125?
Ovarian cancer
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker CA-27-29?
Breast cancer
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)?
Produced by ~70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker S-100?
Tumours of tissue with neural crest origin; Langerhans cell histiocytosis
what are tumors of neural crest origin?
melanoma, neural tumours, schwannomas
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP)?
Hairy cell leukemia;
“TRAP the hairy beast.”
Which cancer is associated with Vinyl Chloride? (from PVC)
Angiosarcoma of the liver
Which cellular adhesion protein is often downregulated in cancer to allow for dissociation of attached cells and tumour invasion/spread?
E-cadherin
Which chromosomal translocation involving ABL causes CML or ALL?
t(9;22) with BCR
Which chromosomal translocation involving Bcl2 causes follicular lymphoma?
t(14;18) to the Ig heavy chain gene
Which chromosomal translocation involving c-MYC can cause Burkitt Lymphoma?
t(8;14) with Ig heavy chain
Which chromosomal translocation involving Cyclin D1 causes mantle cell lymphoma?
t(11;14) involving Ig heavy chain
Which cyclin-CDK complex functions to phosphorylate Rb bound to E2F?
CyclinD/CDK4
Which cytokine typically promotes cancer cachexia?
TNF-a
Which enzyme upregulated by cancer cells functions to degrade the basement membrane, thereby allowing for tumour invasion and spread?
Collagenase; Metalloproteinases
Which fungus is known to make Aflatoxins?
Aspergillus
Which hormone secreted by Hodgkin Lymphomas can cause Hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Calcitriol
Which hormone secreted by Renal Cell Carcinoma can cause polycythemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Erythropoietin
Which hormone secreted by Renal Cell Carcinoma can cause polycythemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Erythropoietin
Which hormone secreted by Small Cell carcinoma of the lung can cause Cushing Syndrome?
ACTH
Which hormone secreted by small cell carcinoma of the lung can cause SIADH as a paraneolplastic syndrome?
ADH
Which hormone secreted by squamous cell carcinoma of the lung can cause hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
Which method of spread do most carcinomas employ for metastasis?
Lymphatic
Which MHC molecule is often downregulated in cancer so that tumour cells can evade immune surveillance?
MHC I
Which neoplasm is associated with acanthosis nigricans?
Visceral malignancy (especially gastric)
Which neoplasm is associated with Actinic Keratosis?
:Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
Which neoplasm is associated with autoimmune diseases?
Lymphoma
Which neoplasm is associated with Barrett Esophagus?
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Which neoplasm is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis?
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Which neoplasm is associated with cirrhosis?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Which neoplasm is associated with Cushing Syndrome?
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Which neoplasm is associated with Dermatomyositis?
Lung cancer
Which neoplasm is associated with Down Syndrome?
ALL; AML
Which neoplasm is associated with Dysplastic Nevus?
Malignant melanoma
Which neoplasm is associated with Hypercalcemia?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
Which neoplasm is associated with Lambert-Eaton syndrome?
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Which neoplasm is associated with Myashenia Gravis?
Thymoma
Which neoplasm is associated with Paget Disease of Bone?
:Secondary osteosarcoma; Fibrosarcoma
Which neoplasm is associated with pernicious anaemia?
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Which neoplasm is associated with Plummer-Vinson Syndrome (via Fe deficiency)?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Which neoplasm is associated with Polycythemia?
Renal cell carcinoma; Hepatocellular carcinoma
Which neoplasm is associated with postsurgical gastric remnants?
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Which neoplasm is associated with pure RBC aplasia?
Thymoma
Which neoplasm is associated with Tuberous Sclerosis?
Giant cell astrocytoma; Renal angiomyolipoma; Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
Which neoplasm is associated with Ulcerative Colitis?
Colonic adenocarcinoma
Which neoplasm is associated with Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Albinism?
Melanoma; Basal cell carcinoma; and especially Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin}
Which oncogenic virus is associated with Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma?
HTLV-1
Which oncogenic virus is associated with Burkitt Lymphoma and CNS Lymphoma in AIDS?
EBV
Which oncogenic virus is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
HCV; HBV
Which oncogenic virus is associated with Kaposi Sarcoma?
:HHV-8
Which oncogenic virus is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
EBV
Which primary tumour most commonly causes metastases to the brain?
Liver
where in the brain do most mets appear?
at the grey/white matter junction
Which primary tumour most commonly causes metastasis to the bone?
Prostate; breast
Which primary tumour most commonly causes metastasis to the liver?
Colon
Which protein is used to determine the clonality of B-cell proliferation?
Immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain
Which route of metastasis is characteristic of carcinomas?
Lymphatic
Which route of metastasis is characteristic of sarcomas?
Hematgenous
Which thyroid tumour is associated with RET point mutations?
:Sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
Which transition point in the cell cycle is regulated by p53?
G1 to S
Which transition point in the cell cycle is regulated by Rb (retinoblastoma protein)?
G1 to S
Which tumour is associated with ABL translocation [t(9;22)]?
CML
Which tumour is associated with BRAF mutation?
Melanoma
Which tumour is associated with c-KIT point mutations?
GI stromal tumour
Which tumour is associated with c-MYC translocation [t(8;14)]?
Burkitt lymphoma
Which tumour is associated with CDK4 amplification?
Melanoma
Which tumour is associated with Cyclin D1 translocation [t(11;14)]?
Mantle Cell lymphoma
Which tumour is associated with ERBB2 (HER2/neu) amplification?
Breast cancer
Which tumour is associated with L-MYC amplification?
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Which tumour is associated with n-MYC amplification?
Neuroblastoma
Which tumour is associated with PDGF-B overexpression?
Astrocytoma
Which tumour is associated with RAS point mutations?
Carcinomas, melanoma and lymphoma
Which tumour is associated with RET point mutations?
MEN2A; MEN2B; Sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene APC?
Colorectal cancer (in FAP)
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene BRCA1?
Breast and ovarian cancer
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene BRCA2?
Breast and ovarian cancer
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene CPD4/SMAD4?
Pancreatic cancer
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene DCC?
Colon cancer
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene MEN1?
MEN type I
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene NF1?
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene NF1?
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene NF2?
Neurofibromatosis type 2
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene p16?
Melanoma
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene p53?
Most human cancers; Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene PTEN?
:Breast cancer; prostate cancer; endometrial cancer
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene Rb?
Retinoblastoma; osteosarcoma
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene TSC1?
Tuberous sclerosis
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene TSC2?
Tuberous sclerosis
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene WT1?
Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene WT2?
Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)
Which type of collagen is found in the basement membrane?
Type IV
Which type of radiation is associated with AML?
Ionizing
Which type of radiation is associated with basal cell carcinoma of the skin?
Nonionizing
Which type of radiation is associated with CML?
Ionizing
Which type of radiation is associated with melanoma of the skin?
Nonionizing
Which type of radiation is associated with nuclear reactor accidents?
Ionizing
Which type of radiation is associated with papillary carcinoma of the Thyroid?
Ionizing
Which type of radiation is associated with Radiotherapy?
Ionizing
Which type of radiation is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
Nonionizing
Which type of radiation is associated with the formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which are normally excised by restriction endonucleases?
Nonionizing
Which type of radiation is associated with UVB sunlight?
Nonionizing
Which type of tissue is associated with GFAP?ssue is associated with Desmin?
Neuroglia
Which type of tissue is associated with the Chromogranin immunohistochemical stain?
Neuroendocrine cells (e.g. small cell carcinoma of the lung; carcinoid tumours)
Which type of tumour is associated with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?
Malignant
Which type of tumour is associated with a low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?
Benign
(blank) is a phenomenon associated with cancer that involves seeding of the omentum by metastatic ovarian carcinoma.
omental caking
(blank) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with a visceral malignancy.
acanthosis nigricans
(blank) is a carcinogen derived from Aspergillus, a fungus that often contaminates rice, grains and peanuts.
Aflatoxin
(blank) s a type of cell growth that involves a loss of structural differentiation and function of cells, thereby resembling primitive cells of the same tissue.
:Anaplasia
(blank) is a protein upregulated by the tumour suppressor p53 that functions to disrupt Bcl2, thereby causing apoptosis.
BAX
a freely mobile tumor suggests.
benign
(blank) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with the EECs of the small intestine and Serotonin secretion.
Carcinoid syndrome
(blank) is a type of cell growth that involves fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.
Desmoplasia
desmoplasia is seen as what presentation of diffuse stomach cancer?
linitis plastica
(blank) is a type of retinoblastoma that arises from a 2-hit mutation to Rb (1 germline, 1 somatic) and presents with bilateral retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma.
Familial Rb
(blank) is a para-neoplastic syndrome associated with bronchogenic carcinoma and a periostal reaction of the distal phalanges (with clubbing).
Hypertrophic osteoartropathy
(blank) is a malignant tumour of smooth muscle.
Leiomyosarcoma
(blank) is a tumour syndrome due to p53 mutation that is characterized by the propensity to develop multiple types of carcinomas and sarcomas.
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
(blank) are a type of carcinogen found in smoked foods that are responsible for the high rate of stomach cancer in Japan.
nitrosamiens
(blank) is a surface glycoprotein expressed by some cancer cells that functions to pump out toxins from the cell, including chemotherapeutic agents.
P-glycoprotein
(blank) is a tummour suppressor gene that codes for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A.
p16
(blank) is a tumour suppressor gene that upregulates BAX if DNA damage cannot be repaired.
p53
(blank) is a screening method that detects cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) before it becomes cancerous.
pap smear
(blank) are a chemical found in cigarette smoke that is particularly carcinogenic.
polycyclic hydrocarbons
(blank) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with renal cell carcinoma and EPO secretion.
Polycythemia
(blank) are laminated, concentric, calcific spherules often seen in some cancers.
Psamomma bodies
(blank) is a tumour suppressor protein that “holds” the E2F transcription factor needed for the transition into S-phase.
Rb
(blank) is a malignant tumour of striated muscle.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
(blank) is a malignant tumour of striated muscle.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
(blank), or Migratory Thrombophlebitis, is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with pancreatic carcinoma and the activation of clotting factors.
Trousseau syndrome
(blank) is a type of retinoblastoma that results from 2 sporadic (both somatic) mutations in Rb.
unilateral Rb
(blank) is a tumour suppressor gene associated with von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome that inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a.
VHL
