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PATHOMA > Ch. 3 - Principles of Neoplasia > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Principles of Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

(blank) is a malignant tumours originating from epithelium.

A

carcinoma

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2
Q

(blank) is a malignant tumour originating from mesenchyme.

A

sarcoma

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3
Q

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) carcinoma or germ cell line tumours.

A

hepatocellular

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4
Q

beta-hCG is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) cancer(s).

A

trophoblastic

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5
Q

what are the trophoblastic cancers?

A

Hydatidiform mole, Chorio-carcinoma, Embryonal carcinoma

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6
Q

CA-125 is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) carcinoma.

A

ovarian

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7
Q

CA-15-3 is a tumour marker indicative of {(blank) carcinoma.

A

breast

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8
Q

CA-19-9 is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) or (blank) cancer.

A

colon or pancreatic

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9
Q

Calcitonin is a tumour marker indicative of…

A

{{c1::medullary carcinoma of the thyroid}}

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10
Q

How many cellular division occurs in a neoplastic cell population before the earliest clinical symptoms arise?

A

30

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11
Q

How many doublings does it take for a tumour to reach 1 g in mass?

A

30

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12
Q

How many doublings does it take for a tumour to reach 1 kg in mass?

A

40

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13
Q

How many isoforms of G6PD or HUMARA will neoplastic tissue express?

A

one

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14
Q

How many isoforms of G6PD will normal, polyclonal tissue express?

A

Two; in a 1:1 ratio

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15
Q

Neuron specific enolase (NSE) is a tumour marker indicative of….

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

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16
Q

On which chromosome is the Ig heavy chain gene found?

A

14

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17
Q

Only (blank) tumours have the possibility to exhibit associated fever and/or weight loss.

A

malignant

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18
Q

Osteoblastic radio-dense loci are seen with (blank) cancer. It also involves increased serum ALP indicative of reactive bone formation.

A

prostate

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19
Q

Osteolytic radiolucent loci are seen in (blank) cancer due to production of osteoclast activating factors by the tumour.

A

breast

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20
Q

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a tumour marker indicative of (blank)cancer.

A

prostate

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21
Q

The (blank) lymph node(s) is the first node or group of nodes to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumour in a regional lymphatic basin.

A

sentinel

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22
Q

To which protein in the basal lamina do cancer cells bind in tumour invasion/spread?

A

Laminin

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23
Q

To which protein in the extracellular matrix do cancer cells bind to spread locally?

A

Fibronectin

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of malignant tumours that do not exhibit metastasis?

A

Basal cell carcinoma and glioma

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25
Q

What are the 4 carcinomas that spread hematogenously?

A

Renal cell carcinoma; hepatocellular carcinoma; follicular carcinoma of the thyroid; choriocarcinoma

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26
Q

What is anaplastic tissue?

A

:Abnormal tissue/cells that lack differentiation.

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27
Q

What is cancer cachexia?

A

The loss of body fat, wasting and profound weakness during cancer

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28
Q

What is characteristic of a Stage IV cancer?

A

Advanced stage with distant metastasis

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29
Q

What is desmoplastic tissue?

A

Fibrous tissue made in response to neoplasm.

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30
Q

What is the action of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)?

A

It stimulates VEGF transcription.

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31
Q

What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for chromogranin, bombesin or synaptophysin?

A

Neuro-endocrine.

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32
Q

What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)?

A

Epithelium.

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33
Q

What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)?

A

Glial cells

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34
Q

What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for muscle specific antigen?

A

Muscle.

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35
Q

What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) or beta-hCG?

A

Germ cell tumour of the testes

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36
Q

What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for S-100, melanin or HMB-45?

A

Melanocyte

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37
Q

What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for thyroglobulin?

A

Thyroid follicle

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38
Q

What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for vWF or CD31?

A

Blood vessel

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39
Q

What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm with visible Birbeck granules?

A

Histiocyte

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40
Q

what is the appearance of Birbeck granules?

A

Birbeck Granules have a tennis racket appearance; Seen in Histiocytosis X

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41
Q

What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm with visible Weibel Palade bodies?

A

Endothelium

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42
Q

What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)?

A

Germ cell tumour of the testes or ovaries or live

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43
Q

What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for CD10 (CALLA)?

A

B cell lymphoblast

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44
Q

What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for desmin?

A

Muscle.

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45
Q

What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA)?

A

Leukocytes.

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46
Q

What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for vimentin?

A

Mesenchyme.

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47
Q

What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive keratin or cytokeratin?

A

Epithelium

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48
Q

What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm with visible neuro-secretory granules?

A

Neuro-endocrine

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49
Q

What is the kappa:lambda ratio of immunoglobulin light chains in neoplastic B cells?

A

> 6:1 or 1:3

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50
Q

What is the most common carcinogen worldwide?

A

Cigarette smoke

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51
Q

What is the most common carcinogen worldwide?

A

Cigarette smoke

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52
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer incidence?

A

Breast/prostate

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53
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer mortality?

A

Lung cancer

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54
Q

What is the ratio of kappa:lambda immunoglobulin light chains in normal B-cells?

A

3:1

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55
Q

is the ratio of Iight:heavy chains maintained in hyperplasia?

A

yes

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56
Q

What is the second most important prognostic staging factor for cancer?

A

Spread to regional lymph nodes

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57
Q

What is the single most important prognostic staging factor of cancer?

A

Metastasis

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58
Q

Where do testicular tumours metastasize to?

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes

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59
Q

Where does breast cancer metastasize to?

A

Lung or bone

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60
Q

Where does prostate cancer metastasize to?

A

Bone

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61
Q

Where does Stomach adenocarcinoma metastasize to?

A

Virchow’s left supraclavicular node

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62
Q

Which 2 angiogenic growth factors are commonly produced by tumour cells?

A

FGF; VEGF

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63
Q

Which 2 proteins expressed on the X-chromosome are often used to determine the clonality of new tissue growth?

A

G6PD; Androgen Receptor

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64
Q

Which agent secreted by small cell carcinoma of the lung can cause Lambert-Eaton syndrome as a paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Autoantibodies against Ca channels at the NMJ

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65
Q

Which cancer is associated with Aflatoxins?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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66
Q

Which cancer is associated with Alcohol?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx/upper esophagus; Hepatocellular carcinoma

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67
Q

Which cancer is associated with Alkylating Agents?

A

:Leukemia/lymphoma

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68
Q

Which cancer is associated with aromatic amines (e.g. benzidine; 2-naphthylamine)?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

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69
Q

Which cancer is associated with Arsenic?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin; Lung cancer; Angiosarcoma of the liver

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70
Q

Which cancer is associated with Asbestos?

A

Lung cancer; Mesothelioma

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71
Q

is lung cancer or mesothelioma more likely following asbestos expsoure?

A

lung cancer

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72
Q

Which cancer is associated with Beryllium?

A

Lung carcinoma

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73
Q

Which cancer is associated with Chromium?

A

Lung carcinoma

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74
Q

Which cancer is associated with cigarette smoke?

A

Carcinoma of the oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder and pancreas

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75
Q

Which cancer is associated with Clonorchis sinensis (Liver fluke)?

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

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76
Q

Which cancer is associated with Helicobacter pylori?

A

Gastric adenocarinoma; MALT Lymphoma

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77
Q

Which cancer is associated with Naphthylamine?

A

Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

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78
Q

Which cancer is associated with Nickel?

A

Lung carcinoma

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79
Q

Which cancer is associated with Nitrosamines?

A

Gastric carcinoma

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80
Q

Which cancer is associated with Radon?

A

Lung cancer; Radon is the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoke.

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81
Q

Which cancer is associated with Schistosoma haematobium?

A

{{c1::Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder}}

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82
Q

Which cancer is associated with Silica?

A

{{c1::Lung carcinoma}}

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83
Q

Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)?

A

Metastases to bone; Paget disease of bone; Seminoma (due to placental ALP)}}

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84
Q

Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker CA-125?

A

Ovarian cancer

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85
Q

Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker CA-27-29?

A

Breast cancer

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86
Q

Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)?

A

Produced by ~70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers

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87
Q

Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker S-100?

A

Tumours of tissue with neural crest origin; Langerhans cell histiocytosis

88
Q

what are tumors of neural crest origin?

A

melanoma, neural tumours, schwannomas

89
Q

Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP)?

A

Hairy cell leukemia;

“TRAP the hairy beast.”

90
Q

Which cancer is associated with Vinyl Chloride? (from PVC)

A

Angiosarcoma of the liver

91
Q

Which cellular adhesion protein is often downregulated in cancer to allow for dissociation of attached cells and tumour invasion/spread?

A

E-cadherin

92
Q

Which chromosomal translocation involving ABL causes CML or ALL?

A

t(9;22) with BCR

93
Q

Which chromosomal translocation involving Bcl2 causes follicular lymphoma?

A

t(14;18) to the Ig heavy chain gene

94
Q

Which chromosomal translocation involving c-MYC can cause Burkitt Lymphoma?

A

t(8;14) with Ig heavy chain

95
Q

Which chromosomal translocation involving Cyclin D1 causes mantle cell lymphoma?

A

t(11;14) involving Ig heavy chain

96
Q

Which cyclin-CDK complex functions to phosphorylate Rb bound to E2F?

A

CyclinD/CDK4

97
Q

Which cytokine typically promotes cancer cachexia?

A

TNF-a

98
Q

Which enzyme upregulated by cancer cells functions to degrade the basement membrane, thereby allowing for tumour invasion and spread?

A

Collagenase; Metalloproteinases

99
Q

Which fungus is known to make Aflatoxins?

A

Aspergillus

100
Q

Which hormone secreted by Hodgkin Lymphomas can cause Hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Calcitriol

101
Q

Which hormone secreted by Renal Cell Carcinoma can cause polycythemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Erythropoietin

102
Q

Which hormone secreted by Renal Cell Carcinoma can cause polycythemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Erythropoietin

103
Q

Which hormone secreted by Small Cell carcinoma of the lung can cause Cushing Syndrome?

A

ACTH

104
Q

Which hormone secreted by small cell carcinoma of the lung can cause SIADH as a paraneolplastic syndrome?

A

ADH

105
Q

Which hormone secreted by squamous cell carcinoma of the lung can cause hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)

106
Q

Which method of spread do most carcinomas employ for metastasis?

A

Lymphatic

107
Q

Which MHC molecule is often downregulated in cancer so that tumour cells can evade immune surveillance?

A

MHC I

108
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with acanthosis nigricans?

A

Visceral malignancy (especially gastric)

109
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Actinic Keratosis?

A

:Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

110
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with autoimmune diseases?

A

Lymphoma

111
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Barrett Esophagus?

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

112
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

113
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with cirrhosis?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

114
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Cushing Syndrome?

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

115
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Dermatomyositis?

A

Lung cancer

116
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Down Syndrome?

A

ALL; AML

117
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Dysplastic Nevus?

A

Malignant melanoma

118
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Hypercalcemia?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

119
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Lambert-Eaton syndrome?

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

120
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Myashenia Gravis?

A

Thymoma

121
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Paget Disease of Bone?

A

:Secondary osteosarcoma; Fibrosarcoma

122
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with pernicious anaemia?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

123
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Plummer-Vinson Syndrome (via Fe deficiency)?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

124
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Polycythemia?

A

Renal cell carcinoma; Hepatocellular carcinoma

125
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with postsurgical gastric remnants?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

126
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with pure RBC aplasia?

A

Thymoma

127
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Tuberous Sclerosis?

A

Giant cell astrocytoma; Renal angiomyolipoma; Cardiac Rhabdomyoma

128
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Colonic adenocarcinoma

129
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Albinism?

A

Melanoma; Basal cell carcinoma; and especially Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin}

130
Q

Which oncogenic virus is associated with Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma?

A

HTLV-1

131
Q

Which oncogenic virus is associated with Burkitt Lymphoma and CNS Lymphoma in AIDS?

A

EBV

132
Q

Which oncogenic virus is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

HCV; HBV

133
Q

Which oncogenic virus is associated with Kaposi Sarcoma?

A

:HHV-8

134
Q

Which oncogenic virus is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

EBV

135
Q

Which primary tumour most commonly causes metastases to the brain?

A

Liver

136
Q

where in the brain do most mets appear?

A

at the grey/white matter junction

137
Q

Which primary tumour most commonly causes metastasis to the bone?

A

Prostate; breast

138
Q

Which primary tumour most commonly causes metastasis to the liver?

A

Colon

139
Q

Which protein is used to determine the clonality of B-cell proliferation?

A

Immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain

140
Q

Which route of metastasis is characteristic of carcinomas?

A

Lymphatic

141
Q

Which route of metastasis is characteristic of sarcomas?

A

Hematgenous

142
Q

Which thyroid tumour is associated with RET point mutations?

A

:Sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

143
Q

Which transition point in the cell cycle is regulated by p53?

A

G1 to S

144
Q

Which transition point in the cell cycle is regulated by Rb (retinoblastoma protein)?

A

G1 to S

145
Q

Which tumour is associated with ABL translocation [t(9;22)]?

A

CML

146
Q

Which tumour is associated with BRAF mutation?

A

Melanoma

147
Q

Which tumour is associated with c-KIT point mutations?

A

GI stromal tumour

148
Q

Which tumour is associated with c-MYC translocation [t(8;14)]?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

149
Q

Which tumour is associated with CDK4 amplification?

A

Melanoma

150
Q

Which tumour is associated with Cyclin D1 translocation [t(11;14)]?

A

Mantle Cell lymphoma

151
Q

Which tumour is associated with ERBB2 (HER2/neu) amplification?

A

Breast cancer

152
Q

Which tumour is associated with L-MYC amplification?

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

153
Q

Which tumour is associated with n-MYC amplification?

A

Neuroblastoma

154
Q

Which tumour is associated with PDGF-B overexpression?

A

Astrocytoma

155
Q

Which tumour is associated with RAS point mutations?

A

Carcinomas, melanoma and lymphoma

156
Q

Which tumour is associated with RET point mutations?

A

MEN2A; MEN2B; Sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

157
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene APC?

A

Colorectal cancer (in FAP)

158
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene BRCA1?

A

Breast and ovarian cancer

159
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene BRCA2?

A

Breast and ovarian cancer

160
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene CPD4/SMAD4?

A

Pancreatic cancer

161
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene DCC?

A

Colon cancer

162
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene MEN1?

A

MEN type I

163
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene NF1?

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

164
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene NF1?

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

165
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene NF2?

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

166
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene p16?

A

Melanoma

167
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene p53?

A

Most human cancers; Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

168
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene PTEN?

A

:Breast cancer; prostate cancer; endometrial cancer

169
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene Rb?

A

Retinoblastoma; osteosarcoma

170
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene TSC1?

A

Tuberous sclerosis

171
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene TSC2?

A

Tuberous sclerosis

172
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene WT1?

A

Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)

173
Q

Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene WT2?

A

Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)

174
Q

Which type of collagen is found in the basement membrane?

A

Type IV

175
Q

Which type of radiation is associated with AML?

A

Ionizing

176
Q

Which type of radiation is associated with basal cell carcinoma of the skin?

A

Nonionizing

177
Q

Which type of radiation is associated with CML?

A

Ionizing

178
Q

Which type of radiation is associated with melanoma of the skin?

A

Nonionizing

179
Q

Which type of radiation is associated with nuclear reactor accidents?

A

Ionizing

180
Q

Which type of radiation is associated with papillary carcinoma of the Thyroid?

A

Ionizing

181
Q

Which type of radiation is associated with Radiotherapy?

A

Ionizing

182
Q

Which type of radiation is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?

A

Nonionizing

183
Q

Which type of radiation is associated with the formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which are normally excised by restriction endonucleases?

A

Nonionizing

184
Q

Which type of radiation is associated with UVB sunlight?

A

Nonionizing

185
Q

Which type of tissue is associated with GFAP?ssue is associated with Desmin?

A

Neuroglia

186
Q

Which type of tissue is associated with the Chromogranin immunohistochemical stain?

A

Neuroendocrine cells (e.g. small cell carcinoma of the lung; carcinoid tumours)

187
Q

Which type of tumour is associated with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?

A

Malignant

188
Q

Which type of tumour is associated with a low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?

A

Benign

189
Q

(blank) is a phenomenon associated with cancer that involves seeding of the omentum by metastatic ovarian carcinoma.

A

omental caking

190
Q

(blank) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with a visceral malignancy.

A

acanthosis nigricans

191
Q

(blank) is a carcinogen derived from Aspergillus, a fungus that often contaminates rice, grains and peanuts.

A

Aflatoxin

192
Q

(blank) s a type of cell growth that involves a loss of structural differentiation and function of cells, thereby resembling primitive cells of the same tissue.

A

:Anaplasia

193
Q

(blank) is a protein upregulated by the tumour suppressor p53 that functions to disrupt Bcl2, thereby causing apoptosis.

A

BAX

194
Q

a freely mobile tumor suggests.

A

benign

195
Q

(blank) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with the EECs of the small intestine and Serotonin secretion.

A

Carcinoid syndrome

196
Q

(blank) is a type of cell growth that involves fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.

A

Desmoplasia

197
Q

desmoplasia is seen as what presentation of diffuse stomach cancer?

A

linitis plastica

198
Q

(blank) is a type of retinoblastoma that arises from a 2-hit mutation to Rb (1 germline, 1 somatic) and presents with bilateral retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma.

A

Familial Rb

199
Q

(blank) is a para-neoplastic syndrome associated with bronchogenic carcinoma and a periostal reaction of the distal phalanges (with clubbing).

A

Hypertrophic osteoartropathy

200
Q

(blank) is a malignant tumour of smooth muscle.

A

Leiomyosarcoma

201
Q

(blank) is a tumour syndrome due to p53 mutation that is characterized by the propensity to develop multiple types of carcinomas and sarcomas.

A

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

202
Q

(blank) are a type of carcinogen found in smoked foods that are responsible for the high rate of stomach cancer in Japan.

A

nitrosamiens

203
Q

(blank) is a surface glycoprotein expressed by some cancer cells that functions to pump out toxins from the cell, including chemotherapeutic agents.

A

P-glycoprotein

204
Q

(blank) is a tummour suppressor gene that codes for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A.

A

p16

205
Q

(blank) is a tumour suppressor gene that upregulates BAX if DNA damage cannot be repaired.

A

p53

206
Q

(blank) is a screening method that detects cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) before it becomes cancerous.

A

pap smear

207
Q

(blank) are a chemical found in cigarette smoke that is particularly carcinogenic.

A

polycyclic hydrocarbons

208
Q

(blank) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with renal cell carcinoma and EPO secretion.

A

Polycythemia

209
Q

(blank) are laminated, concentric, calcific spherules often seen in some cancers.

A

Psamomma bodies

210
Q

(blank) is a tumour suppressor protein that “holds” the E2F transcription factor needed for the transition into S-phase.

A

Rb

211
Q

(blank) is a malignant tumour of striated muscle.

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

212
Q

(blank) is a malignant tumour of striated muscle.

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

213
Q

(blank), or Migratory Thrombophlebitis, is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with pancreatic carcinoma and the activation of clotting factors.

A

Trousseau syndrome

214
Q

(blank) is a type of retinoblastoma that results from 2 sporadic (both somatic) mutations in Rb.

A

unilateral Rb

215
Q

(blank) is a tumour suppressor gene associated with von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome that inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a.

A

VHL

PATHOMA (11 decks)

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