Ch. 3 - Principles of Neoplasia Flashcards
1
Q
(blank) is a malignant tumours originating from epithelium.
A
carcinoma
2
Q
(blank) is a malignant tumour originating from mesenchyme.
A
sarcoma
3
Q
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) carcinoma or germ cell line tumours.
A
hepatocellular
4
Q
beta-hCG is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) cancer(s).
A
trophoblastic
5
Q
what are the trophoblastic cancers?
A
Hydatidiform mole, Chorio-carcinoma, Embryonal carcinoma
6
Q
CA-125 is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) carcinoma.
A
ovarian
7
Q
CA-15-3 is a tumour marker indicative of {(blank) carcinoma.
A
breast
8
Q
CA-19-9 is a tumour marker indicative of (blank) or (blank) cancer.
A
colon or pancreatic
9
Q
Calcitonin is a tumour marker indicative of…
A
{{c1::medullary carcinoma of the thyroid}}
10
Q
How many cellular division occurs in a neoplastic cell population before the earliest clinical symptoms arise?
A
30
11
Q
How many doublings does it take for a tumour to reach 1 g in mass?
A
30
12
Q
How many doublings does it take for a tumour to reach 1 kg in mass?
A
40
13
Q
How many isoforms of G6PD or HUMARA will neoplastic tissue express?
A
one
14
Q
How many isoforms of G6PD will normal, polyclonal tissue express?
A
Two; in a 1:1 ratio
15
Q
Neuron specific enolase (NSE) is a tumour marker indicative of….
A
small cell carcinoma of the lung
16
Q
On which chromosome is the Ig heavy chain gene found?
A
14
17
Q
Only (blank) tumours have the possibility to exhibit associated fever and/or weight loss.
A
malignant
18
Q
Osteoblastic radio-dense loci are seen with (blank) cancer. It also involves increased serum ALP indicative of reactive bone formation.
A
prostate
19
Q
Osteolytic radiolucent loci are seen in (blank) cancer due to production of osteoclast activating factors by the tumour.
A
breast
20
Q
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a tumour marker indicative of (blank)cancer.
A
prostate
21
Q
The (blank) lymph node(s) is the first node or group of nodes to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumour in a regional lymphatic basin.
A
sentinel
22
Q
To which protein in the basal lamina do cancer cells bind in tumour invasion/spread?
A
Laminin
23
Q
To which protein in the extracellular matrix do cancer cells bind to spread locally?
A
Fibronectin
24
Q
What are the 2 types of malignant tumours that do not exhibit metastasis?
A
Basal cell carcinoma and glioma
25
What are the 4 carcinomas that spread hematogenously?
Renal cell carcinoma; hepatocellular carcinoma; follicular carcinoma of the thyroid; choriocarcinoma
26
What is anaplastic tissue?
:Abnormal tissue/cells that lack differentiation.
27
What is cancer cachexia?
The loss of body fat, wasting and profound weakness during cancer
28
What is characteristic of a Stage IV cancer?
Advanced stage with distant metastasis
29
What is desmoplastic tissue?
Fibrous tissue made in response to neoplasm.
30
What is the action of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)?
It stimulates VEGF transcription.
31
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for chromogranin, bombesin or synaptophysin?
Neuro-endocrine.
32
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)?
Epithelium.
33
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)?
Glial cells
34
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for muscle specific antigen?
Muscle.
35
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) or beta-hCG?
Germ cell tumour of the testes
36
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for S-100, melanin or HMB-45?
Melanocyte
37
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for thyroglobulin?
Thyroid follicle
38
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm that tests positive for vWF or CD31?
Blood vessel
39
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm with visible Birbeck granules?
Histiocyte
40
what is the appearance of Birbeck granules?
Birbeck Granules have a tennis racket appearance; Seen in Histiocytosis X
41
What is the cell type of origin for a neoplasm with visible Weibel Palade bodies?
Endothelium
42
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)?
Germ cell tumour of the testes or ovaries or live
43
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for CD10 (CALLA)?
B cell lymphoblast
44
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for desmin?
Muscle.
45
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA)?
Leukocytes.
46
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive for vimentin?
Mesenchyme.
47
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm that tests positive keratin or cytokeratin?
Epithelium
48
What is the cell type of origin of a neoplasm with visible neuro-secretory granules?
Neuro-endocrine
49
What is the kappa:lambda ratio of immunoglobulin light chains in neoplastic B cells?
> 6:1 or 1:3
50
What is the most common carcinogen worldwide?
Cigarette smoke
51
What is the most common carcinogen worldwide?
Cigarette smoke
52
What is the most common cause of cancer incidence?
Breast/prostate
53
What is the most common cause of cancer mortality?
Lung cancer
54
What is the ratio of kappa:lambda immunoglobulin light chains in normal B-cells?
3:1
55
is the ratio of Iight:heavy chains maintained in hyperplasia?
yes
56
What is the second most important prognostic staging factor for cancer?
Spread to regional lymph nodes
57
What is the single most important prognostic staging factor of cancer?
Metastasis
58
Where do testicular tumours metastasize to?
Para-aortic lymph nodes
59
Where does breast cancer metastasize to?
Lung or bone
60
Where does prostate cancer metastasize to?
Bone
61
Where does Stomach adenocarcinoma metastasize to?
Virchow's left supraclavicular node
62
Which 2 angiogenic growth factors are commonly produced by tumour cells?
FGF; VEGF
63
Which 2 proteins expressed on the X-chromosome are often used to determine the clonality of new tissue growth?
G6PD; Androgen Receptor
64
Which agent secreted by small cell carcinoma of the lung can cause Lambert-Eaton syndrome as a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Autoantibodies against Ca channels at the NMJ
65
Which cancer is associated with Aflatoxins?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
66
Which cancer is associated with Alcohol?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx/upper esophagus; Hepatocellular carcinoma
67
Which cancer is associated with Alkylating Agents?
:Leukemia/lymphoma
68
Which cancer is associated with aromatic amines (e.g. benzidine; 2-naphthylamine)?
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
69
Which cancer is associated with Arsenic?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin; Lung cancer; Angiosarcoma of the liver
70
Which cancer is associated with Asbestos?
Lung cancer; Mesothelioma
71
is lung cancer or mesothelioma more likely following asbestos expsoure?
lung cancer
72
Which cancer is associated with Beryllium?
Lung carcinoma
73
Which cancer is associated with Chromium?
Lung carcinoma
74
Which cancer is associated with cigarette smoke?
Carcinoma of the oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder and pancreas
75
Which cancer is associated with Clonorchis sinensis (Liver fluke)?
Cholangiocarcinoma
76
Which cancer is associated with Helicobacter pylori?
Gastric adenocarinoma; MALT Lymphoma
77
Which cancer is associated with Naphthylamine?
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
78
Which cancer is associated with Nickel?
Lung carcinoma
79
Which cancer is associated with Nitrosamines?
Gastric carcinoma
80
Which cancer is associated with Radon?
Lung cancer; Radon is the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoke.
81
Which cancer is associated with Schistosoma haematobium?
{{c1::Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder}}
82
Which cancer is associated with Silica?
{{c1::Lung carcinoma}}
83
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)?
Metastases to bone; Paget disease of bone; Seminoma (due to placental ALP)}}
84
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker CA-125?
Ovarian cancer
85
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker CA-27-29?
Breast cancer
86
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)?
Produced by ~70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers
87
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker S-100?
Tumours of tissue with neural crest origin; Langerhans cell histiocytosis
88
what are tumors of neural crest origin?
melanoma, neural tumours, schwannomas
89
Which cancer is associated with the tumour marker Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP)?
Hairy cell leukemia;
| "TRAP the hairy beast."
90
Which cancer is associated with Vinyl Chloride? (from PVC)
Angiosarcoma of the liver
91
Which cellular adhesion protein is often downregulated in cancer to allow for dissociation of attached cells and tumour invasion/spread?
E-cadherin
92
Which chromosomal translocation involving ABL causes CML or ALL?
t(9;22) with BCR
93
Which chromosomal translocation involving Bcl2 causes follicular lymphoma?
t(14;18) to the Ig heavy chain gene
94
Which chromosomal translocation involving c-MYC can cause Burkitt Lymphoma?
t(8;14) with Ig heavy chain
95
Which chromosomal translocation involving Cyclin D1 causes mantle cell lymphoma?
t(11;14) involving Ig heavy chain
96
Which cyclin-CDK complex functions to phosphorylate Rb bound to E2F?
CyclinD/CDK4
97
Which cytokine typically promotes cancer cachexia?
TNF-a
98
Which enzyme upregulated by cancer cells functions to degrade the basement membrane, thereby allowing for tumour invasion and spread?
Collagenase; Metalloproteinases
99
Which fungus is known to make Aflatoxins?
Aspergillus
100
Which hormone secreted by Hodgkin Lymphomas can cause Hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Calcitriol
101
Which hormone secreted by Renal Cell Carcinoma can cause polycythemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Erythropoietin
102
Which hormone secreted by Renal Cell Carcinoma can cause polycythemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Erythropoietin
103
Which hormone secreted by Small Cell carcinoma of the lung can cause Cushing Syndrome?
ACTH
104
Which hormone secreted by small cell carcinoma of the lung can cause SIADH as a paraneolplastic syndrome?
ADH
105
Which hormone secreted by squamous cell carcinoma of the lung can cause hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
106
Which method of spread do most carcinomas employ for metastasis?
Lymphatic
107
Which MHC molecule is often downregulated in cancer so that tumour cells can evade immune surveillance?
MHC I
108
Which neoplasm is associated with acanthosis nigricans?
Visceral malignancy (especially gastric)
109
Which neoplasm is associated with Actinic Keratosis?
:Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
110
Which neoplasm is associated with autoimmune diseases?
Lymphoma
111
Which neoplasm is associated with Barrett Esophagus?
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
112
Which neoplasm is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis?
Gastric adenocarcinoma
113
Which neoplasm is associated with cirrhosis?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
114
Which neoplasm is associated with Cushing Syndrome?
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
115
Which neoplasm is associated with Dermatomyositis?
Lung cancer
116
Which neoplasm is associated with Down Syndrome?
ALL; AML
117
Which neoplasm is associated with Dysplastic Nevus?
Malignant melanoma
118
Which neoplasm is associated with Hypercalcemia?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
119
Which neoplasm is associated with Lambert-Eaton syndrome?
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
120
Which neoplasm is associated with Myashenia Gravis?
Thymoma
121
Which neoplasm is associated with Paget Disease of Bone?
:Secondary osteosarcoma; Fibrosarcoma
122
Which neoplasm is associated with pernicious anaemia?
Gastric adenocarcinoma
123
Which neoplasm is associated with Plummer-Vinson Syndrome (via Fe deficiency)?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
124
Which neoplasm is associated with Polycythemia?
Renal cell carcinoma; Hepatocellular carcinoma
125
Which neoplasm is associated with postsurgical gastric remnants?
Gastric adenocarcinoma
126
Which neoplasm is associated with pure RBC aplasia?
Thymoma
127
Which neoplasm is associated with Tuberous Sclerosis?
Giant cell astrocytoma; Renal angiomyolipoma; Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
128
Which neoplasm is associated with Ulcerative Colitis?
Colonic adenocarcinoma
129
Which neoplasm is associated with Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Albinism?
Melanoma; Basal cell carcinoma; and especially Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin}
130
Which oncogenic virus is associated with Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma?
HTLV-1
131
Which oncogenic virus is associated with Burkitt Lymphoma and CNS Lymphoma in AIDS?
EBV
132
Which oncogenic virus is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
HCV; HBV
133
Which oncogenic virus is associated with Kaposi Sarcoma?
:HHV-8
134
Which oncogenic virus is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
EBV
135
Which primary tumour most commonly causes metastases to the brain?
Liver
136
where in the brain do most mets appear?
at the grey/white matter junction
137
Which primary tumour most commonly causes metastasis to the bone?
Prostate; breast
138
Which primary tumour most commonly causes metastasis to the liver?
Colon
139
Which protein is used to determine the clonality of B-cell proliferation?
Immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain
140
Which route of metastasis is characteristic of carcinomas?
Lymphatic
141
Which route of metastasis is characteristic of sarcomas?
Hematgenous
142
Which thyroid tumour is associated with RET point mutations?
:Sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
143
Which transition point in the cell cycle is regulated by p53?
G1 to S
144
Which transition point in the cell cycle is regulated by Rb (retinoblastoma protein)?
G1 to S
145
Which tumour is associated with ABL translocation [t(9;22)]?
CML
146
Which tumour is associated with BRAF mutation?
Melanoma
147
Which tumour is associated with c-KIT point mutations?
GI stromal tumour
148
Which tumour is associated with c-MYC translocation [t(8;14)]?
Burkitt lymphoma
149
Which tumour is associated with CDK4 amplification?
Melanoma
150
Which tumour is associated with Cyclin D1 translocation [t(11;14)]?
Mantle Cell lymphoma
151
Which tumour is associated with ERBB2 (HER2/neu) amplification?
Breast cancer
152
Which tumour is associated with L-MYC amplification?
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
153
Which tumour is associated with n-MYC amplification?
Neuroblastoma
154
Which tumour is associated with PDGF-B overexpression?
Astrocytoma
155
Which tumour is associated with RAS point mutations?
Carcinomas, melanoma and lymphoma
156
Which tumour is associated with RET point mutations?
MEN2A; MEN2B; Sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
157
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene APC?
Colorectal cancer (in FAP)
158
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene BRCA1?
Breast and ovarian cancer
159
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene BRCA2?
Breast and ovarian cancer
160
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene CPD4/SMAD4?
Pancreatic cancer
161
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene DCC?
Colon cancer
162
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene MEN1?
MEN type I
163
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene NF1?
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
164
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene NF1?
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
165
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene NF2?
Neurofibromatosis type 2
166
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene p16?
Melanoma
167
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene p53?
Most human cancers; Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
168
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene PTEN?
:Breast cancer; prostate cancer; endometrial cancer
169
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene Rb?
Retinoblastoma; osteosarcoma
170
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene TSC1?
Tuberous sclerosis
171
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene TSC2?
Tuberous sclerosis
172
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene WT1?
Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)
173
Which tumour is associated with the tumour suppressor gene WT2?
Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)
174
Which type of collagen is found in the basement membrane?
Type IV
175
Which type of radiation is associated with AML?
Ionizing
176
Which type of radiation is associated with basal cell carcinoma of the skin?
Nonionizing
177
Which type of radiation is associated with CML?
Ionizing
178
Which type of radiation is associated with melanoma of the skin?
Nonionizing
179
Which type of radiation is associated with nuclear reactor accidents?
Ionizing
180
Which type of radiation is associated with papillary carcinoma of the Thyroid?
Ionizing
181
Which type of radiation is associated with Radiotherapy?
Ionizing
182
Which type of radiation is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
Nonionizing
183
Which type of radiation is associated with the formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which are normally excised by restriction endonucleases?
Nonionizing
184
Which type of radiation is associated with UVB sunlight?
Nonionizing
185
Which type of tissue is associated with GFAP?ssue is associated with Desmin?
Neuroglia
186
Which type of tissue is associated with the Chromogranin immunohistochemical stain?
Neuroendocrine cells (e.g. small cell carcinoma of the lung; carcinoid tumours)
187
Which type of tumour is associated with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?
Malignant
188
Which type of tumour is associated with a low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?
Benign
189
(blank) is a phenomenon associated with cancer that involves seeding of the omentum by metastatic ovarian carcinoma.
omental caking
190
(blank) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with a visceral malignancy.
acanthosis nigricans
191
(blank) is a carcinogen derived from Aspergillus, a fungus that often contaminates rice, grains and peanuts.
Aflatoxin
192
(blank) s a type of cell growth that involves a loss of structural differentiation and function of cells, thereby resembling primitive cells of the same tissue.
:Anaplasia
193
(blank) is a protein upregulated by the tumour suppressor p53 that functions to disrupt Bcl2, thereby causing apoptosis.
BAX
194
a freely mobile tumor suggests.
benign
195
(blank) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with the EECs of the small intestine and Serotonin secretion.
Carcinoid syndrome
196
(blank) is a type of cell growth that involves fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.
Desmoplasia
197
desmoplasia is seen as what presentation of diffuse stomach cancer?
linitis plastica
198
(blank) is a type of retinoblastoma that arises from a 2-hit mutation to Rb (1 germline, 1 somatic) and presents with bilateral retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma.
Familial Rb
199
(blank) is a para-neoplastic syndrome associated with bronchogenic carcinoma and a periostal reaction of the distal phalanges (with clubbing).
Hypertrophic osteoartropathy
200
(blank) is a malignant tumour of smooth muscle.
Leiomyosarcoma
201
(blank) is a tumour syndrome due to p53 mutation that is characterized by the propensity to develop multiple types of carcinomas and sarcomas.
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
202
(blank) are a type of carcinogen found in smoked foods that are responsible for the high rate of stomach cancer in Japan.
nitrosamiens
203
(blank) is a surface glycoprotein expressed by some cancer cells that functions to pump out toxins from the cell, including chemotherapeutic agents.
P-glycoprotein
204
(blank) is a tummour suppressor gene that codes for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A.
p16
205
(blank) is a tumour suppressor gene that upregulates BAX if DNA damage cannot be repaired.
p53
206
(blank) is a screening method that detects cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) before it becomes cancerous.
pap smear
207
(blank) are a chemical found in cigarette smoke that is particularly carcinogenic.
polycyclic hydrocarbons
208
(blank) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with renal cell carcinoma and EPO secretion.
Polycythemia
209
(blank) are laminated, concentric, calcific spherules often seen in some cancers.
Psamomma bodies
210
(blank) is a tumour suppressor protein that "holds" the E2F transcription factor needed for the transition into S-phase.
Rb
211
(blank) is a malignant tumour of striated muscle.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
212
(blank) is a malignant tumour of striated muscle.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
213
(blank), or Migratory Thrombophlebitis, is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with pancreatic carcinoma and the activation of clotting factors.
Trousseau syndrome
214
(blank) is a type of retinoblastoma that results from 2 sporadic (both somatic) mutations in Rb.
unilateral Rb
215
(blank) is a tumour suppressor gene associated with von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome that inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a.
VHL
