Ch. 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists

Question 1

Franz Josef Gall

Answer 1

German physician

demonstrated importance fo the brain for higher human functions

started the phrenology movement:

Question 2

Phrenology (by Gull)

Answer 2

localized specific psychological faculties in specific regions of the brain, which are often reflected in specific bumps and indentations of the skull

Question 3

Thomas Willis

Answer 3

British scientist

studied brain anatomy in detail and made discoveries such as gray and white matter

Question 4

Pierre Fluorens

Answer 4

French scientist

opposed gall’s phrenology and conducted ablation studies (remove brain areas)

suggested that the brain’s cortex functions as a unified whole

Question 5

Jean Baptiste Bouillaud

Answer 5

French physician

rejected phrenology but felt there was some truth to the idea of an area that controlled language in the frontal region of the cortex

Question 6

Paul Broca was the first to…

Answer 6

first to seriously challenge Fluoren’s conception of the undifferentiated cerebral cortex

Question 9

Carl Wernicke

Answer 9

used localization theory as the basis of an influential theory of aphasia

Question 10

wernicke’s area

Answer 10

area in the temporal lobe that if damaged can cause sensory aphasia:

Question 11

sensory aphasia (damage to wenicke’s area)

Answer 11

condition in which patients can speak fluently with correct syntax but their understanding of spoken language is impaired

Question 12

Broca’s versus Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 12

Broca’s: inability to speak

Wernicke’s: ability to understand speech

Question 13

equipotentiality

Answer 13

form of neural plasticity

identified by Flrens and revised by Lashley, in which healthy area of the brain can take over the functions of damaged areas

Question 14

law of mass action

Answer 14

Lashley’s notion that the efficiency of performance of an entire complex function will be reduced in proportion to the degree of brain injury suffered by an organism

Question 15

Bartholow

Answer 15

physician who conducted an early but ethically questionable study of electrical stimulation of a conscious human brain using a patient and the hole she had in her skull from a cancerous ulcer

Question 16

Penfield

Answer 16

neurosurgeon who used brain stimulation on conscious human patients to seek new surgical treatments for intractable cases of epilepsy and discovered the interpretive cortex

Question 17

Penfield’s interpretive cortex

Answer 17

area of brain that, when stimulated, produced two types of psychical responses: Interpretive responses or experimental responses

interpretive responses: inexplicably saw their immediate situations new lights

experimental responses: hallucinatory dreams or flashbacks of real events form the past, with unremarkable content

Question 18

Donald Hebb

Answer 18

published The Organization of Behavior

related learning and other behavior to the hypothetical functioning of neurological network in the brain that he called cell assemblies

Question 19

Brenda Milner

Answer 19

neuropsychologist trained by Hebb and Penfield whose study of the patient HM led to the discovery of separate long and short term memory systems