Ch 3 Neuroanatomy

Question 1

PNS: somatic vs automatic

Answer 1

somatic is body to brain (afferent->efferent) and is about the external body

automatic is about the internal body and A->E is organs to brain

Question 2

two efferent nerves of the ANS

Answer 2

sympathetic

parasympathetic

Question 3

locations of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and where their second-stage neurons are

Answer 3

sympathetic (thoracic/chest, lumbar/small of back)
- second stage far from target

parasympathetic (brain and sacral/lower back)
-second stage close to target

Question 4

what is a second stage neuron path

Answer 4

Only go part of the way from CNS to the target organ before they synapse onto other neurons (second-stage neurons) that carry the signals the rest of the way

Question 5

the meninges of the CNS

Answer 5

dura mater: tough exterior

arachnoid membrane: weblike, has room for blood vessels in the subarachnoid space

pia mater: thin and delicate, on surface of brain

Question 6

what is cerebrospinal fluid produced by

Answer 6

choroid plexuses

Networks of capillaries protruding into the ventricles from the pia mater

Question 7

what does CSF do

Answer 7

fills the subarachnoid space/central canal of spinal cord/cerebral ventricles of the brain and offers protection

Question 8

hydrocephalus

Answer 8

Condition where the ducts are blocked and CSF builds up

Question 9

purpose of the blood brain barrier

Answer 9

The mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood to the brain

important molecules actively transported through cerebral blood vessel walls

Question 10

what is the axon hillock

Answer 10

cone shaped region at the junction between the axon and cell body

Question 11

what are buttons

Answer 11

button like endings of axon branches which release chemicals into the synapse

Question 12

proteins in the neuron cell membrane

Answer 12

channel proteins: molecules can pass

signal proteins: transfer signal to inside of neuron where particular molecules bind to them

Question 13

classes of neurons

Answer 13

Multipolar neurons
Two or more processes (projections) extending from its cell body
Most neurons are this

Unipolar neuron
One extending process

Bipolar
Two processes

Interneurons
Short axon or no axon

Question 14

how do interneurons work

Answer 14

Integrate neural activity within a single brain structure instead of conducting signals from one structure to another

Question 15

structures in PNS and CNS composed of primarily cell bodies and axons

Answer 15

§ Those composed primarily of cell bodies
□ CNS: nuclei
□ PNS: ganglia
§ Those composed primarily of axons
□ CNS: tracts
□ PNS: nerves

Question 16

what glial cell makes up myelin sheaths to support conduction in the CNS

make multiple sheaths

Answer 16

oligodendrocytes

Question 17

what do glial cells primarily provide

Answer 17

support and nutrition

Question 18

what glial cell makes up myelin sheaths to support conduction in the PNS

make one sheath

Answer 18

Schwann cells

Question 19

largest glial cell that has a role in passing/blocking chemicals to blood vessels of the brain

Answer 19

astroctye

Question 20

small glial cell that triggers inflammatory responses

Answer 20

microglia

Question 21

golgi stain

Answer 21

Visualizes neuron shape, doesn’t quantify neurons.

Question 22

Nissl stain

Answer 22

Highlights neuron cell bodies, useful for counting cell bodies.

Question 23

electron microscopy

Answer 23

Provides ultra-detailed images of neuronal structure.

Question 24

anterograde vs retrograde tracing techniques

Answer 24

antero/forward: trace path of axons going away from cell bodies to an area

retro/backward: trace path projecting onto a particular area (to cell bodies)

Question 25

dorsal vs ventral root axons

Answer 25

dorsal is sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons with cell bodies just outside of spinal cord ventral: motor (efferent) with cell bodies in the ventral horn often multipolar

Question 26

the 5 major brain divisions

Answer 26

Myelencephalon (Medulla) Metencephalon Mesencephalon (Midbrain) Diencephalon Telencephalon (Cerebral Cortex)

Question 27

describe the myelencephalon

Answer 27

the medulla tracts carrying signals to the rest of the body includes the reticular formation (nuclei of central core of brainstem) that affects arousal (HR breathing and reflexes)

Question 28

Metencephalon

Answer 28

Includes the pons (ascending/descending tracts) and cerebellum (sensorimotor functions).

Question 29

the mesencephalon

Answer 29

the midbrain two segments tectum (visual/auditory reflexes) and tegmentum (sensory-motor structures).

Question 30

Diencephalon

Answer 30

Contains the thalamus (sensory relay) and hypothalamus (motivated behaviors, hormone regulation).

Question 31

what connects the two lobes of the thalamus

Answer 31

massa intermedia

Question 32

telencephalon (cerebral cortex)

Answer 32

largest division deeply convuluted in humans (large furrows are fissures and small are sulci - ridges between are called gyri) complex functions

Question 33

the largest fissure that almost completely separates the cerebral hemispheres is called the

Answer 33

longitudinal fissure

Question 34

what is a mammilary body (hint part of hypothalamus)

Answer 34

spherical nuclei on inferior surface below pituitary memory, spatial navigation, and reward behaviors.

Question 35

the part of the hypothalamus where optic nerves from each eye come together and then dessucate is called

Answer 35

optic chiasm

Question 36

what are the two distinct areas of frontal lobe

Answer 36

Precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex: motor function Cortex anterior to motor cortex performs complex cognitive functions

Question 37

two bumps on the tectum are

Answer 37

colliculi □ Inferior colliculi have auditory function □ Superior colliculi have visual-motor function

Question 38

3 structures of the tegmentum

Answer 38

periaqueductal gray (pain regulation), substantia nigra (sensorimotor), and red nucleus (motor coordination).

Question 39

brain lobes

Answer 39

Frontal: Motor functions (precentral gyrus) and complex cognitive tasks. Parietal: Sensory processing (postcentral gyrus) and spatial awareness. Temporal: Hearing, language, and memory. Occipital: Visual processing.

Question 40

Neocortex:

Answer 40

90% of cortex, composed of 6 layers with pyramidal (large multipolar neurons) and stellate cells (interneurons).

Question 41

Basis of the columnar organization

Answer 41

Neurons in a given vertical column of neocortex often form a mini circuit that performs a single function

Question 41

role of hippocampus

Answer 41

memory

Question 42

the limic system regulates__

Answer 42

motivated behaviour 4 F's Fleeing, feeding, fighting, sexual behaviour

Question 43

limbic system structures

Answer 43

Amygdala: Think "fear" and emotional response. Hippocampus: Memory formation, particularly spatial and episodic memory. Fornix & Cingulate Cortex: Important for communication and emotional processing. Septum: Memory and emotion regulation.

Question 44

basal ganglia function

Answer 44

Primarily involved in movement control and habit formation. It’s responsible for regulating voluntary movements and is also involved in decision-making and reinforcement (especially the nucleus accumbens in reward processing).

Question 45

structures of basal ganglia

Answer 45

Striatum (Caudate & Putamen): Input from the cortex and involved in initiating movement and habits. Globus Pallidus: Main output of the basal ganglia, which helps control movement and send info to the motor cortex. Substantia Nigra: Important for dopamine production, loss of which is linked to Parkinson’s disease.

Question 46

what was the neural doctrine

Answer 46

neurons are individual

Question 47

does enrichment help brain cells

Answer 47

yes