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Organic Chemistry > Ch. 3 - Functional Groups > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Functional Groups Flashcards

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1
Q

Which characteristics do functional groups determine?

A

electron-deficient sites, acid-base behavior, overall polarity

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2
Q

T or F: A C=C pi bond is easily broken and causes a molecule to be nucleophillic?

A

true

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3
Q

T/F: A heteroatom acts as a nucleophile and causes carbon to be electron-deficient?

A

true

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4
Q

Is a C-Z bond polar or non polar?

A

polar

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5
Q

T/F: pi bonds are hard to break in a reaction?

A

false, pi bonds are easy to break.

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6
Q

T/F: pi bonds make a molecule nucleophillic?

A

true, it also causes it to act as a Lewis base

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7
Q

The atom Z has one or more lone pairs of electrons, allowing it to act as both a nucleophile and a _____.

A

lewis base

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8
Q

T/F: covalent compounds are composed of discrete molecules?

A

true

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9
Q

What type of interactions hold ionic bonds together?

A

electrostatic

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10
Q

Solute-solvent interactions must be ____ to solute-solute interactions.

A

similar

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11
Q

Energy required to break up the interactions between the molecules or ions of a solute comes from new interactions between the __________________.

A

solute and solvent

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12
Q

Hydrogen bonds are _______ than most covalent bonds.

A

weaker

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13
Q

What are three important features of the C-H bond?

A

strong, nonpolar, not readily broken

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14
Q

What is a functional group?

A

atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical/physical properties “reactive part”

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15
Q

What does the functional group of a molecule determine?

A

geometry, physical properties, reactivity

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16
Q

What do heteroatoms and pi bonds determine reactivity?

A

heteroatoms have lone pairs, create spot of electron deficiency on carbon
pi bonds are easily broken in reactions, pi bonds make molecules that are basic and nucleophillic

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17
Q

What does “R” stand for?

A

carbon backbone

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18
Q

What are the three types of functional groups?

A

hydrocarbons, compounds with C-Z bonds, compounds with C=O bonds

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19
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen

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20
Q

What are the two types of hydrocarbons?

A

aliphatic and aromatic

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21
Q

What are the three types of aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

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22
Q

What is an alkane?

A

has C-C single bond, no functional group

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23
Q

What is an alkene?

A

has C=C double bond (pi bond as functional group)

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24
Q

What is an alkyne?

A

has CH triple bond (pi bonds and functional group)

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25
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

A

strong, sweet odor

includes benzene and phenyl groups

26
Q

How are carbon groups in alkanes and other compounds classified?

A

number of carbons directly bonded to that carbon

27
Q

How are hydrogen classified?

A

type of carbon they are bonded to (1º carbon = 1º H)

28
Q

What are C-Z functional groups?

A

carbon is bonded to EN Z atom which creates polar bond

29
Q

What is the important thing that Z does to C in a C-Z functional group?

A

makes carbon electron deficient

30
Q

What is important about the lone pairs on Z in a C-Z functional group?

A

lone pairs are available for reactions with protons and electrophiles (especially when Z is N or O)

31
Q

How are amines classified (º)?

A

by the number of C-N bonds

32
Q

What is a C=O functional group?

A

contains carbonyl group (C=O)

33
Q

What is important about C=O groups?

A

polar makes carbon electrophile
lone pairs on O allow it to act as a nucleophile/base
contains a pi bond, more easily broken than C-O sigma bond

34
Q

How are amides classified?

A

number of carbons bonded to N

35
Q

What are ionic compounds?

A

oppositely charged particles held together by extremely strong electrostatic forces

36
Q

Does it take a lot or a little energy to separate charged ions?

A

A LOT

37
Q

What are covalent compounds composed of?

A

discrete molecules

38
Q

What holds covalent compounds together?

A

covalent bonds, IMFs

39
Q

What causes van der Waals?

A

momentary changes of electron density/temporary dipoles

40
Q

What types of molecules have van der Waals?

A

nonpolar and polar (all)

41
Q

What determines the strength of van der Waals?

A

greater surface area = stronger force

larger atoms = more polarizable = stronger IMFs

42
Q

What is polarizability?

A

measure of how the electron cloud around atom responds to changes in electronic environment

43
Q

What causes dipole-dipole interactions?

A

attractive forces between permanent dipoles of 2 polar molecules

44
Q

What causes hydrogen bonding?

A

occurs when H atoms bonded to NOF is electrostatically attracted to a lone pair of an electron on another NOF atom in another molecule

45
Q

How does IMFs affect boiling point?

A

stronger IMFs = higher boiling point

46
Q

How does surface area affect boiling point?

A

higher surface area = higher BP

47
Q

How does polarizability affect boiling point?

A

more polarizable = higher BP

48
Q

How does IMFs affect melting point?

A

stronger IMFs = higher MP

49
Q

How does symmetry affect melting point?

A

if the same functional group, the more symmetrical molecule will have a higher MP
(why? it packs easier)

50
Q

Where does energy needed to break interactions between the solute come from?

A

interactions between solute and solvent

51
Q

T/F: compounds dissolve in solvents with similar IMFs.

A

true

52
Q

Is water a polar/nonpolar solvent?

A

polar

53
Q

Are organic compounds polar/nonpolar solvents?

A

nonpolar

54
Q

Are most ionic compounds soluble in water or organic solvents?

A

water, non organic solvents

most organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents

55
Q

When are organic compounds soluble in water?

A

if it contains one polar functional group per every 5 carbon atoms
1 polar FG : 5 carbons

56
Q

How does the size of an organic polar molecule determine solubility?

A

large molecule with little polar groups = insoluble

57
Q

What must all functional groups include?

A

pi bonds or heteroatom

58
Q

What does an EN heteroatom do?

A

makes C electrophillic

59
Q

What do lone pairs on heteroatom do?

A

makes heteroatom a basic nucleophile

60
Q

What does an electophile react with?

A

a nucleophile

Organic Chemistry (26 decks)

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