Ch 3 Federalism & Article 4

Question 1

Barron vs. Baltimore (1833)

Answer 1

the Supreme Court ruled that the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment did not apply to the actions of states. This decision limited the Bill of Rights to the actions of Congress alone

Question 2

Bill of Attainder

Answer 2

a law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial

Question 3

Block Grant

Answer 3

a large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines

Question 4

Categorical Grant

Answer 4

grant that appropriates federal funds to states for a specific purpose

Question 5

Charter

Answer 5

a document that, like a constitution, specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutions of local government. charters for local governments must be approved by state legislatures

Question 6

Concurrent Powers

Answer 6

powers shared by the national and state governments

Question 7

Confederation

Answer 7

type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states

Question 8

Cooperative Federalism

Answer 8

the intertwined relationship between the nation, state, and local governments that began with the New Deal, often referred to as marble-cake federalism

Question 9

County

Answer 9

the basic administrative unit of local government

Question 10

Dillon’s Rule

Answer 10

a premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them

Question 11

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Answer 11

the Supreme Court concluded that the U.S. Congress lacked the Constitutional authority to bar slavery in the territories. This decision narrowed the scope of national power, while it enhanced that of the states.

Question 12

Dual Federalism

Answer 12

the belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as layer-cake federalism

Question 13

Enumerated Powers

Answer 13

the powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article I, section 8 of the Constitution

Question 14

Ex post facto law

Answer 14

law that makes an act punishable as a crim even if the action was legal at the time it was committed

Question 15

Extradition Clause

Answer 15

part of Article IV of the Constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial

Question 16

Federal System

Answer 16

system of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people

Question 17

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Answer 17

section of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state

Question 18

Gibbons V Ogden (1824)

Answer 18

the Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. the court’s broad interpretation of the constitution’s commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Question 19

Implied Powers

Answer 19

the powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause

Question 20

Interstate Compacts

Answer 20

contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns

Question 21

McCulloch V Maryland (1819)

Answer 21

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank, using the constitution’s supremacy clause. the court’s broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Question 22

Municipality

Answer 22

city governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas

Question 23

New Deal

Answer 23

the name given to the program of “Relief, Recovery, Reform” begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to bring the United States out of the Great Depression

Question 24

New Federalism

Answer 24

federal-state relationship proposed by Raegan administration during the 1980s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments

Question 25

Nullification

Answer 25

the right of a state to declare void a federal law

Question 26

Preemption

Answer 26

a concept that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas

Question 27

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Answer 27

part of Article IV of the constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states

Question 28

Programmatic Requests

Answer 28

federal funds designed for special projects within a state or congressional district

Question 29

Progressive Federalism

Answer 29

a pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative

Question 30

Reserved Powers

Answer 30

powers reserved to the states by the tenth amendment that lie at the foundation of a state’s right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens

Question 31

17th Amendment

Answer 31

amendment to the US constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection from state legislatures

Question 32

16th Amendment

Answer 32

amendment to the US constitution that authorized congress to enact a national income tax

Question 33

Special District

Answer 33

a local government tat is restricted to a particular function

Question 34

Tenth Amendment

Answer 34

the final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people

Question 35

Unitary System

Answer 35

system of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government

Question 36

Necessary and Proper Clause

Answer 36

the final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the constitution, which gives congress the authority to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the enumerated powers specified in the constitution, also called the eleastic clause

Question 37

US vs Lopez

Answer 37

case which involved the conviction of a student charged with carrying a concealed handgun onto school property, a five-person majority of the court ruled that congress lacked constitutional authority under the commerce clause to regulate guns within 1,000 feet of a school