Ch 3 Chemistry II Flashcards by Tim Crunch

Which of the element has 2 electrons in the first
shell and 4 valence electrons in the outer shell?

Carbon

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What bonds can be formed with Carbon Atom?

Covalent Bonds (Polar/Nonpolar)

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What 4 organic macromolecule contain Carbon?

-Lipids
-Carbohydrates
-Amino Acids / Proteins
-Nucleic Acids

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These groups of atoms contain chemical
structures and properties that are seen in
all molecules that contain these groups.

What is the name of these groups of
atoms?

Functional Groups

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Functional Groups - WHITE BOARD

https://quizlet.com/524966410/bio-190-functional-groups-flash-cards/

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Monomers are the ”small unit” of __

macromolecules

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2-3 monomers create a __

polymer

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Simple molecules

monomer

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Complex molecules (2 or more monomers linked together)

polymer

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What reaction REMOVES water to BIND molecules together?
H2O
HO—🔴—H + HO—🔴—H—^—>HO—🔴-🔴—H……

Dehydration Reaction

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Polymers are formed by

Dehydration Reaction

Monomers —> Polymers

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Hydrocarbons are __

nonpolar; C—C an C—H bonds

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A molecule of water is removed each time a new monomer is
added to form

long polymers

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What reaction BREAKS down monomers by ADDING water?

                            HO-🔴-H HO—🔴-🔴-🔴-🔴—H—^—>
                                    I
                                 H2O

Hydrolysis

(Add water hydro- )

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Breakdown of a polymer by

hydrolysis reactions

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Polymer formation by

dehydration reactions

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3 important Monosaccharides

-Glucose
-Galactose
-Frucose

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3 important Polysaccharides

-Glycogen
-Starch
-Cellulose

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What type of bond is formed with polysaccharides?

Glycosidic

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What are the 4 major classes of organic molecules?

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates structure

Cn(H2O)m
n is a whole number

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Carbohydrate key functions

-SMALL ones are broken down to make ATP as a source of energy

-LARGE ones store energy and/or serve a structural role (cell wall)

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Carbohydrates Examples

-Simple sugars = glucose

-Larger polymers = starch, Cellulose

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Lipids structure

-Nonpolar molecules
-Composed of carbon and hydrogen, SOME oxygen

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Lipids key functions

-Key part of cell membranes -Hormones in energy storage -in animals, can act as insulators/shock absorbers

Lipids examples

-Phospholipids -Steroid hormones (Estrogen & Testosterone) -Triglycerides (Fats & Oils) -Waxes

Protein structure

-one or more polypeptides -Structural unit of a linear sequence of amino acids

Protein key functions

-Cell structure and cellular functions -gene expression, regulation, motor proteins, defense proteins, cell-signaling proteins, metabolic enzymes, structural proteins, and transporters

Nucleic Acids structure

-Linear sequence of nucleotides -DNA that is double standed

Nucleic Acids key functions

-DNA stores genetic information in genes -RNA is made from DNA and is what provides access to that information

What acts as the "reader" that accesses and translates genetic information in genes to produce proteins?

RNA

Nucleic Acids examples

DNA and RNA

Carbohydrates are composed of __ atoms

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Most of the carbon atoms in a carbohydrate are linked to a

hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group

What are the simplest sugars that are the monomers that are used to construct larger carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

The most common types of monosaccharides are

Pentoses - ribose, deoxyribose Hexoses - glucose, frucose

What are the molecules with identical chemical formulas but different structures?

Isomers (galactose, glucose, and fructose)

What are examples of Isomers?

galactose, glucose, and fructose

Monosaccharides can be joined together to form

Disaccharides

Monosaccharides and disaccharides often function as an

energy source

The covalent bond formed between 2 sugars is called a

Glycosidic bond

What is formed when many monosaccharides are linked together?

Polysaccharides

What are all built from glucose monomers?

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Sucrose (table sugar) is a combination of Glucose and Fructose. What do we call this organic molecule, when we combine two sugars together?

Disaccharide

Lipids are composed predominantly of what atoms?

Hydrogen and Carbon

Are lipids Polar or Nonpolar?

Nonpolar (OIL)

What relationship does lipids react with water

Hydrophobic (OIL)

Do lipids have monomers/polymers?

They do not adhere to the monomer/polymer rule

Lipids are commonly found as a __

Fatty Acid

What is the name of the fatty acid that contains a “kink”?

Unsaturated fatty acids

How does a "kink" form in a fatty acid?

Double bonded Carbon C=C

What is the name of the fatty acid that is straight with no kinks in the structure?

Saturated fatty acids

What are the molecules known as fats and oils?

Triglycerides

___ do not have any double-bonded carbons

Saturated fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids have a __ structure

Straight

Name a lipid that has two or more "kinks" ( C=C )

polyunsaturated fatty acids

What contains one C=C, which introduces a kink into the shape

Monounsaturated fatty acids

What are double bonds in a linear chain fatty acid called?

Unsaturated fatty acid

What fatty acid can pack more tighty?

Saturated fatty acids—due to the straight structure

When combining 3 fatty acids together with a Glycerol by the process of dehydration, we will get a macromolecule known as

Triglycerides

Phospholipids are ___ molecules

amphipathic

In Phospholipids, Phosphate “head” is __ and hydrophilic Fatty acid “tail” is __ and hydrophobic

polar; nonpolar

The phospholipid bilayer is the ___

Cell membrane (Acts like a giant wall to separte the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell)

A lipid that contains the following:

-Two fatty acids (the 2 tails unsat/sat) -A glycerol (in the head) -A phosphate group (in the head)

A phospholipid is in the shape of

The head and two tails (Tadpoles)

The head of a lipid is

hydrophilic

The tail of a lipid is

Hydrophobic

Extracellular fluid is located

on the outside of the cell

Cytosolic fluid is located

Inside of the cell (Intracellular)

Steroids contain ___ interconnected rings of carbon atoms

FOUR

Small structural difference can lead to a completely different hormone. With steroids, they look extremely similar, the only difference being:

Estrogen — HO Testosorone = O & another CH3

Steroids are

lipids

Dehydration includes the use of

ATP to form chains

What bond holds a Sucrose together?

Glycosidic

What is used to protect organisms from water loss or as structural elements?

Waxes

What are long structures that resemble a fatty acid attached to another long hydrocarbon chain?

Waxes

Waxes are nonpolar or polar?

nonpolar -they exclude water

Proteins are composed of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Proteins consist of monomers called

Animo Acids

Protein monomers contain different structures with unique functions, such as

-Side Chain - give purpose to the protein—R - Amino group—Left side - Carboxyl group—Right side - Hydrogen—H H O I II H—N—C—C—OH I R

Peptide bonds form through the process of combining ___

two amino acids

What type of reaction combines two molecules together by removing water?

Dehydration

This bond can connect multiple amino acid together to form a

peptide

Each amino acid has a common core structure as well as a variable side chain (designated R) The core structure consists of:

-α-carbon -amino group -carboxyl group -hydrogen

Amino acids are categorized by the chemical properties of__

the side chains

Some R groups of amino acids are ___

polar while others are nonpolar

Amino acids are joined together by a

dehydration reaction

A dehydration reaction in amino acids links the___of one amino acid to the amino group of another

carboxyl group

The covalent bond formed between the carbon and nitrogen is called a ___

peptide bond

Polymers of amino acids are known as

polypeptides

The ____ is the end with a free amino group, and the ____ is the end with a free carboxyl group

N-terminus; C-terminus

Amino acids are numbered from the__

N - C terminus

What is the start of the chain containing a free amino group?

N-terminus

What is the end of the chain containing a free carboxyl group?

C-terminus

How can we identify the Protein Hierarchy? Protein structure is characterized at 4 progressive levels:

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure

Protein Hierarchy of Primary Structure

looks like a bracelet, has amino acids, polypeptide chain

Protein Hierarchy of Secondary Structure

- Looks a like a curly fry, zig-zag - α helices and β pleated sheets -forms as some chemical groups (NH and CO) of the backbone interact with each other via hydrogen bonds - DNA, RNA structure

Protein Hierarchy of Tertiary Structure

Protein Hierarchy of Quaternary Structure