Ch 2 Chemistry 1

Question 1

What are the smallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances?

Answer 1

Atoms

Question 2

What is a pure substance made up of only 1 kind of atom?

Answer 2

Element

Question 3

What 3 subatomic particles are found within an atom?

Answer 3

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Question 4

Protons have what charge?

Answer 4

positive charge

Question 5

Protons are found where?

Answer 5

Atomic Nucleus

Question 6

Neutrons have what charge?

Answer 6

Electrically neutral

Question 7

Neutrons are found where?

Answer 7

Atomic Nucleus

Question 8

Electrons have what charge?

Answer 8

Negative Charge

Question 9

Electrons are found where?

Answer 9

Orbitals that surround the nucleus

Question 10

What subatomic particles are present in equal numbers and gives the atom no net charge?

Answer 10

Protons and Electrons

Question 11

What subatomic particle is present in differing numbers?

Answer 11

Neutrons

Question 12

What do orbitals surround?

Answer 12

The atomic nucleus

Question 13

Orbitals are organized in?

Answer 13

Electron shells

Question 14

How many electrons per electron shell?

Answer 14

2

Question 15

What are the 4 orbital names?

Answer 15

S P (D) F
———–>
spf but with D

Question 16

What are the electron shell names?

Answer 16

KLMN

(KKLZ & Alphabet …klmnop…)

Question 17

Electron shells are numbered as you go up the orbitals AND you add the electrons from the previous orbitals

Answer 17

s = 2, p = 8, D = 18 , F = 32

Question 18

Electron amount in order from orbitals?

Answer 18

2, 8, 18, 32

Question 19

The electrons in the outermost shell are referred to as?

Answer 19

Valence electrons

Question 20

Why are valance electrons significant?

Answer 20

They are used to form bonds

Question 21

The number of protons in an atom is its?

Answer 21

Atomic number

Question 22

How can you tell what an atom’s atomic number is?

Answer 22

by the number of protons

Question 23

The ___ in the periodic table correspond to number of electron shells

Answer 23

Rows (up to down)

Question 24

The Atomic mass is?

Answer 24

The Protons and Neutrons combined

Question 25

What subatomic particle has no mass?

Answer 25

Electrons

Question 26

Which orbitals are found in the 3rd Shell or M Shell?

Answer 26

S, P, D

Question 27

___ indicate the numbers of electrons in the outer shell

Answer 27

Columns (left to right)

Question 28

What subatomic particles are nearly equal in mass?

Answer 28

Protons and Neutrons

Question 29

A Proton and Neutron has a mass of __

Answer 29

1 Da (unified atomic mass unit)

Question 30

What measures the number of particles in a substance?

Answer 30

Mole

Question 31

__ of an atom have the same atomic number but differ their atomic mass

Answer 31

isotopes

Question 32

What elements make up 95% of an organism's mass?

Answer 32

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen

Question 33

The atoms in a molecule are held together by?

Answer 33

Chemical bonds

Question 34

What are Covalent Bond types?

Answer 34

Polar & Nonpolar

Question 35

Covalent bonds happen when atoms__

Answer 35

share a pair of electrons

Question 36

Atoms are most stable when?

Answer 36

Valence shells are full

Question 37

Hydrogen's valence shell fills with how many electrons?

Answer 37

2

Question 38

For many atoms, how many electrons is the outer shell filled with?

Answer 38

8

Question 39

Covalent bonds are ___ and ___ chemical bonds

Answer 39

strong , stable

Question 40

Atoms can share what kind of bonds?

Answer 40

Single bonds, double bonds, triple bonds

Question 41

What atom can form 4 covalent bonds?

Answer 41

Carbon

Question 42

What are the 3 Type of Bonds important in forming biological molecules?

Answer 42

Hydrogen, Ionic, Covalent

Question 43

If two different atoms bond together, we call that a__

Answer 43

Compound

Question 44

What happens to the electron during Nonpolar bonds?

Answer 44

Equal sharing

Question 45

What happens to the electron during Polar bonds?

Answer 45

Not sharing

Question 46

A measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons; "pull"

Answer 46

Electronegativity

Question 47

Electronegativy of Hydrogen is

Answer 47

2.20

Question 48

Electronegativy of Carbon is

Answer 48

2.55

Question 49

Electronegativy of Nitrogen is

Answer 49

3.04

Question 50

Electronegativy of Oxygen is

Answer 50

3.44

Question 51

Electronegativy of Sodium (Na) is

Answer 51

0.93

Question 52

Electronegativy of Chloride (CI) is

Answer 52

3.16

Question 53

Nonpolar covalent bonds form between atoms with

Answer 53

Similar electronegativities

Question 54

Polar covalent bonds form between atoms with

Answer 54

Different electronegativities

Question 55

Nonpolar molecules examples are

Answer 55

C—C C—H

Question 56

Polar molecules examples are

Answer 56

O—H N—H O—C

Question 57

hydrogens participating in polar covalent bonds carry a

Answer 57

partial positive charge

Question 58

Hydrogen bonds (H bonds) form between

Answer 58

a hydrogen with partial positive charge AND another atom/moleule

Question 59

Individually, H bonds are weak, but collectively___

Answer 59

many H bonds can be strong overall

Question 60

van der Waals are

Answer 60

temporary attractions in nonpolar molecules

Question 61

Collectively, van der Waals can be

Answer 61

strong

Question 62

What is an ion?

Answer 62

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons

Question 63

The formation of an ion leads to a more __ valence shell

Answer 63

full and stable

Question 64

Cautions have a _

Answer 64

net positive charge (+)

Question 65

Anions

Answer 65

net negative charge

Question 66

An ionic bonds happens when

Answer 66

cation binds to an anion by electrostatic attraction

Question 67

Ionic bonds undergo Ionization, which does what to the electron?

Answer 67

A gain/loss of electron

Question 68

Nonpolar electronegtivities are

Answer 68

< 0.4

Question 69

Polar electronegtivities are

Answer 69

0.4 - 1.8

Question 70

Ionic electronegtivities are

Answer 70

> 1.8

Question 71

What bonds fight over an electron?

Answer 71

Ionic Bonds

Question 72

What is another name for a Negatively charged ion?

Answer 72

Anion

Question 73

What is another name for a Positively charged ion?

Answer 73

Cation

Question 74

What does it mean for these atoms to have a charge? What is happening to the atom?

Answer 74

The atoms are fully loosing / gaining electrons

Question 75

Van de Waals dispersion force work by

Answer 75

electrons randomly moving out the outer shells

Question 76

A chemical reaction occurs __

Answer 76

when one or more substances are changed into other substances by making/breaking chemical bonds

Question 77

What can we use to speed up the RATE of a chemical reaction?

Answer 77

enzymes as catalysts

Question 78

You need REACTANTS to start the chemical reaction. They are the __

Answer 78

starting materials

Question 79

The end materials in chemical reactions are called

Answer 79

Products

Question 80

The LIQUID used to dissolve the solute

Answer 80

Solvent

Question 81

The SUBSTANCE being dissolved in the solvent

Answer 81

Solute

Question 82

A MIXTURE of ONE or more solutes in a solvent

Answer 82

Solution

Question 83

What solution loves and dissolves in water?

Answer 83

Hydrophillic

Question 84

What molecules are Hydrophillic?

Answer 84

Ionic and Polar -> They have a charge they can stick to water with

Question 85

What solution hates and cannot dissolve or bind to water?

Answer 85

Hydrophobic -> NO charge, so they can't stick to water

Question 86

Structures that contain both Hydrophobic (Nonpolar) and Hydrophobic Structure (Ionic or Polar) are

Answer 86

Amphipathic (Empaths love all)

Question 87

An example of amphipathics are __

Answer 87

Phospholipids

Question 88

What determines pH level?

Answer 88

If they release/absorb ions [(OH-) and (H+)]

Question 89

OH-

Answer 89

Hydroxide ions

Question 90

H+

Answer 90

Hydrogen ions

Question 91

Acidic pH is

Answer 91

0 - 6.9

Question 92

Basic pH is

Answer 92

7.1 - 14

Question 93

An acid ___ H+

Answer 93

releases

Question 94

Acids __ H+

Answer 94

Increase

Question 95

A base ___ H+

Answer 95

accepts / decreases

Question 96

pH and H+ are __

Answer 96

Inversely related

Question 97

pH is a measure of

Answer 97

H+ (Hydrogen) concentration

Question 98

Pure water is neutral and has a pH of

Answer 98

7

Question 99

What prevents pH change?

Answer 99

Buffers

Question 100

Buffers can

Answer 100

accept/donate H+

Question 101

What system can shift to remove or release H+ to adjust for changes in pH?

Answer 101

Acid-base buffer system