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AP Psych > CH 3 Biological Basis of Behavior > Flashcards

CH 3 Biological Basis of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

a cell of the nervous system that receives information and transmits it to other cells by conduction electrochemical impulses

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2
Q

Axon

A

Single, long, thin, straight fiber that transmits information from a neuron to other neurons or to muscle cells

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

one of the widely branching structures of a neuron that receive transmissions from other neurons

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4
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

bulge at the end of an axon from which the axon releases a chemical called neurotransmitter

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical that is stored in the terminal of an axon and that, when released, activates receptors of other neurons

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6
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter that promotes activity levels and facilitates movement

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7
Q

Serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter, derived from tryptophan, that is involved in sleep, depression, memory, and other neurological processes.

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8
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Speeds insulators

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9
Q

Action potential

A

an excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how fast it must travel

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10
Q

Threshold

A

neurons are “all or nothing” firing. They either do or don’t (flushing toilet)

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11
Q

Synapse

A

GAP, neurons do not touch

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12
Q

Endorphins

A

chemical produced by the brain that have effects resembling those of opiates such as inhibiting pain

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13
Q

sensory neuron

A

a nerve cell that conducts impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system.

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14
Q

Motor neuron

A

movement

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15
Q

Interneuron

A

any neuron having its cell body, axon, and dendrites entirely within the central nervous system, especially one that conveys impulses between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron.

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16
Q

Refractory Period

A

time between neural firings

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17
Q

Reuptake

A

the process by which the presynaptic terminal of a neuron reabsorbs and recycles the molecules of neurotransmitter it has previously secreted in conveying an impulse to another neuron.

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18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A white crystalline derivative of choline that is released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses in the body.

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19
Q

Gaba

A

a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system that inhibits excitatory responses.

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20
Q

Glutamate

A

a salt or ester of glutamic acid.

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21
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

bundles of axons that convey messages between the spinal cord and the rest of the body

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23
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that tends to act in opposition to the parasympathetic nervous system, as by speeding up the heartbeat and causing contraction of the blood vessels. It regulates the function of the sweat glands and stimulates the secretion of glucose in the liver. The sympathetic nervous system is activated especially under conditions of stress.

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24
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system originating in the brain stem and the lower part of the spinal cord that, in general, inhibits or opposes the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system, as in tending to stimulate digestive secretions or slow the heart.

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25
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

system of neurons that controls internal organs such as heart

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26
Q

Somatic Nervous Systems

A

peripheral nerves that communicate with skin and muscles

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27
Q

Reflex

A

rapid, automatic response to a stimulus

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28
Q

`Blood Brain Barrier

A

a layer of tightly packed cells that make up the walls of brain capillaries and prevent substances in the blood from diffusing freely into the brain: passage across the cell membranes is determined by solubility in the lipid bilayer or recognition by a transport molecule.

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29
Q

Pons

A

Structure adjacent to the medulla that receives sensory input from the head and controls many muscles in the head

30
Q

Medulla

A

structure that is located in the hindbrain and is an elaboration of the spinal cord; controls many muscles in the head and several life-preserving functions, such as breathing

31
Q

Thalamus

A

forebrain area that relays information to the cerebral cortex

32
Q

Brainstem

A

the portion of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord and comprises the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and parts of the hypothalamus, functioning in the control of reflexes and such essential internal mechanisms as respiration and heartbeat.

33
Q

Reticular Formation

A

a network of neurons in the brainstem involved in consciousness, regulation of breathing, the transmission of sensory stimuli to higher brain centers, and the constantly shifting muscular activity that supports the body against gravity.

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

(little brain) hindbrain structure that is active in control of movement, especially for complex, rapid motor skills and behaviors that require precise timing

35
Q

Limbic System

A

midline of the brain around the hypothalamus, involved with emotion and memory and with homeostatic regulatory systems.

36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

main control center for the autonomic nervous system by regulating sleep cycles, body temperature, appetite, etc., and that acts as an endocrine gland by producing hormones, including the releasing factors that control the hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland.

37
Q

Hippocampus

A

an enfolding of cerebral cortex into the lateral fissure of a cerebral hemisphere, having the shape in cross section of a sea horse.

38
Q

Amygdala

A

fear and aggression

39
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer surface of forebrain

40
Q

Frontal lobe

A

portion of each cerebral hemisphere at the anterior pole, with sections that control movement and and certain aspects of memory

41
Q

Temporal lobe

A

portion of each cerebral hemisphere; main processing area for hearing complex aspects of vision, and certain aspects of emotional behavior

42
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

portion of each cerebral hemisphere; main receiving area for the sense of touch and for the awareness of one’s own body and perception of location of the body in space

43
Q

Occipital lobe

A

rear portion of each cerebral hemisphere, critical for vision

44
Q

Sensory cortex

A

the region of the cerebral cortex concerned with receiving and interpreting sensory information from various parts of the body.

45
Q

Motor cortex

A

the region of the cerebral cortex concerned with transmitting impulses to the voluntary muscles.

46
Q

Aphasia

A

the loss of a previously held ability to speak or understand spoken or written language, due to disease or injury of the brain.

47
Q

Broca’s area

A

located in the left inferior frontal cortex and is associated with language outputs.

48
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

a portion of the left posterior temporal lobe of the brain, involved in the ability to understand words.

49
Q

Plasticity

A

brain’s ability to change—physically, functionally, and chemically—throughout life.

50
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

large set of axons connecting left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex and thus enabling the two hemispheres to communicate with each other

51
Q

Split Brain

A

having, involving, or pertaining to a severed corpus callosum.

52
Q

Dual processing

A

mental processing of information on a conscious and unconscious level occurring at the same time.

53
Q

Endocrine system

A

a set of glands that produce hormones and release them into bloodstream

54
Q

Hormones

A

chemical released by glands and conveyed by the blood to other parts of the body, where it alters activity

55
Q

Testosterone

A

the sex hormone, secreted by the testes, that stimulates the development of male sex organs, secondary sexual traits, and sperm.

56
Q

Estrogen

A

female sex hormones produced primarily by the ovarian follicles of female mammals, capable of inducing estrus, developing and maintaining secondary female sex characteristics, and preparing the uterus for the reception of a fertilized egg: used, especially in synthetic form, as a component of oral contraceptives, in certain cancer treatments, and in other therapies.

57
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

one of a pair of ductless glands, located above the kidneys, consisting of a cortex, which produces steroidal hormones, and a medulla, which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

58
Q

Pituitary gland

A

master endocrine gland, attached by a stalk to the base of the brain. Its two lobes (the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis) secrete hormones affecting skeletal growth, development of the sex glands, and the functioning of the other endocrine glands

59
Q

Ovaries

A

female gonad or reproductive gland, in which the ova and the hormones that regulate female secondary sex characteristics develop.

60
Q

Testes

A

the male gonad or reproductive gland, either of two oval glands located in the scrotum.

61
Q

Biopsychology

A

a field of psychology that deals with the effects of biological factors on behavior.

62
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalograph-device that uses electrodes on the scalp to record rapid changes in brain electrical activity

63
Q

PET

A

Position-emission tomography- technique that provides high-resolution image of brain activity by recording radioactivity emitted from injected chemicals

64
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging: a noninvasive diagnostic procedure employing an MR scanner to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structure of the body.

65
Q

FMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging: a technique that directly measures the blood flow in the brain, thereby providing information on brain activity

66
Q

PAUL BROCA

A

French neuroscientist, who discovered a brain lesion in a deceased patient that was unable to produce language, despite having the ability to understand language.

67
Q

CHARLES DARWIN

A

1809–82, English naturalist who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection, expounded in On the Origin of Species (1859) and applied to man in The Descent of Man (1871)

68
Q

MICHAEL GAZZANIGA

A

primary responsibility for initiating human split-brain research. functional lateralization and how hemispheres communicate

69
Q

ROGER SPERRY

A

neuropsychologist nobel prize for split brain research

70
Q

CARL WERNICKE

A

German physician, anatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist.work on sensory aphasia and poliomyelitis hemorrhagia superior.

AP Psych (4 decks)

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