Ch. 3 Anatomy and Kinesiology

Question 1

A major goal of exercise training is to improve _____ and ___ fitness.

Answer 1

cardiovascular; musculoskeletal

Question 2

What disci;ones primarily are involved in describing and understanding human movement?

Answer 2

biomechanics; kinesiology

Question 3

____ is the study of the motion and causes of motion of living things, using a branch of physics know as mechanics.

Answer 3

biomechanics

Question 4

kinetics

Answer 4

causes of motion

Question 5

_____ is the study of the mechanics of human movement and specifically evaluates muscles, joints, and skeletal structures and their involvement in movement.

Answer 5

kinesiology

Question 6

Kinesiology is primarily based on what fields of science?

Answer 6

biomechanics; musculoskeletal anatomy, neuromuscular physiology

Question 7

Kinesiology includes the study of ____.

Answer 7

gait, posture and body alignment, ergonomics, sports and exercise movement, activities of daily living and work

Question 8

_____ is the universally accepted reference position used to describe regions and spatial relationships of the human body and to refer to body positions (e.g. joint motions)

Answer 8

anatomical position

Question 9

In the anatomical position the body is ____.

Answer 9

erect with feet together and the upper limbs positioned at the sides, palms of the hands facing forward, thumbs facing away from the body, and fingers extended.

Question 10

anterior

Answer 10

the front of the body; ventral

Question 11

posterior

Answer 11

the back of the body; dorsal

Question 12

superficial

Answer 12

located close to or on the body surface

Question 13

deep

Answer 13

below the surface

Question 14

proximal

Answer 14

closer to any reference point

Question 15

distal

Answer 15

farther from any reference point

Question 16

superior

Answer 16

toward the head; higher (head cephalic)

Question 17

inferior

Answer 17

away from the head; lower (caudal - tail)

Question 18

medial

Answer 18

toward te midline of the body

Question 19

lateral

Answer 19

away from the midline of the body; to the side

Question 20

ipsilateral (pronounced tipsy-lateral)

Answer 20

on the same side

Question 21

contralateral (pronounced contra-lateral)

Answer 21

on the opposite side

Question 22

unilateral

Answer 22

one side

Question 23

bilateral

Answer 23

both sides

Question 24

prone

Answer 24

lying face down

Question 25

supine

Answer 25

lying faceup

Question 26

valgus (pronounced Val-gus)

Answer 26

distal segment of a joint deviates laterally

Question 27

varus (pronounced Vair-us)

Answer 27

distal segment of a joint deviated medially

Question 28

arm

Answer 28

the region form the shoulder to elbow

Question 29

forearm

Answer 29

the region form the elbow to the wrist

Question 30

thigh

Answer 30

the region from the hip to the knee

Question 31

leg

Answer 31

the region form the knee to the ankle

Question 32

How many imaginary planes pass through the body? What are they?

Answer 32

3; sagittal; frontal; transverse

Question 33

sagittal plane

Answer 33

divides the body or structure into the right and left sides

Question 34

frontal plane

Answer 34

also called the coronal place divides the body or structure it anterior and posterior portions

Question 35

transverse plane

Answer 35

(also called the cross-sectional, axial, or horizontal plane) divides the body or structure into superior and inferior portions.

Question 36

If movement occurs in a plane, it must rotate about an ___ that has ___ relationship to that plane.

Answer 36

axis; 90 degrees

Question 37

An object's ____ is a theoretical point where the weight force of the object can be considered to act.

Answer 37

center of gravity

Question 38

Center of gravity changes with ____ and depends on body position.

Answer 38

movement

Question 39

line of gravity of the body

Answer 39

is an imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity and is typically assessed while the subject is standing

Question 40

The line of gravity helps define proper ___ and ___.

Answer 40

body alignment; posture

Question 41

flexion

Answer 41

movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane

Question 42

extension

Answer 42

movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane

Question 43

abduction

Answer 43

movement away from the midline of the body, usually nt eh frontal plane

Question 44

adduction

Answer 44

movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the fontal plane

Question 45

horizontal abduction

Answer 45

movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees

Question 46

horizontal adduction

Answer 46

movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees

Question 47

internal (medial) rotation

Answer 47

rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body

Question 48

external (lateral) rotation

Answer 48

rotation in the transverse plane away form the midline of the body

Question 49

lateral flexion (right or left)

Answer 49

movement away form the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movment

Question 50

rotation (right or left)

Answer 50

right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement

Question 51

elevation

Answer 51

movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane

Question 52

depression

Answer 52

movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane

Question 53

retraction

Answer 53

movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane

Question 54

protraction

Answer 54

movement of the scapula away form the spine in the frontal plane

Question 55

upward rotation

Answer 55

superior and lateral movement of the infjorerior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

Question 56

downward rotation

Answer 56

inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

Question 57

circumduction

Answer 57

a compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape

Question 58

radial deviation

Answer 58

abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

Question 59

ulnar deviation

Answer 59

adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

Question 60

opposition

Answer 60

diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to amen contact with the fifth digit

Question 61

eversion

Answer 61

abducting the ankle

Question 62

inversion

Answer 62

adducting the ankle

Question 63

dorsiflexion

Answer 63

flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane

Question 64

platarflexion

Answer 64

extending the ankle so the the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane

Question 65

pronation (foot/ankle)

Answer 65

combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot

Question 66

supination (foot/ankle)

Answer 66

combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot