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ACSM Personal Trainer > Ch. 3 Anatomy and Kinesiology > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Anatomy and Kinesiology Flashcards

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1
Q

A major goal of exercise training is to improve _____ and ___ fitness.

A

cardiovascular; musculoskeletal

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2
Q

What disci;ones primarily are involved in describing and understanding human movement?

A

biomechanics; kinesiology

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3
Q

____ is the study of the motion and causes of motion of living things, using a branch of physics know as mechanics.

A

biomechanics

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4
Q

kinetics

A

causes of motion

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5
Q

_____ is the study of the mechanics of human movement and specifically evaluates muscles, joints, and skeletal structures and their involvement in movement.

A

kinesiology

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6
Q

Kinesiology is primarily based on what fields of science?

A

biomechanics; musculoskeletal anatomy, neuromuscular physiology

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7
Q

Kinesiology includes the study of ____.

A

gait, posture and body alignment, ergonomics, sports and exercise movement, activities of daily living and work

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8
Q

_____ is the universally accepted reference position used to describe regions and spatial relationships of the human body and to refer to body positions (e.g. joint motions)

A

anatomical position

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9
Q

In the anatomical position the body is ____.

A

erect with feet together and the upper limbs positioned at the sides, palms of the hands facing forward, thumbs facing away from the body, and fingers extended.

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10
Q

anterior

A

the front of the body; ventral

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11
Q

posterior

A

the back of the body; dorsal

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12
Q

superficial

A

located close to or on the body surface

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13
Q

deep

A

below the surface

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14
Q

proximal

A

closer to any reference point

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15
Q

distal

A

farther from any reference point

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16
Q

superior

A

toward the head; higher (head cephalic)

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17
Q

inferior

A

away from the head; lower (caudal - tail)

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18
Q

medial

A

toward te midline of the body

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19
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; to the side

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20
Q

ipsilateral (pronounced tipsy-lateral)

A

on the same side

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21
Q

contralateral (pronounced contra-lateral)

A

on the opposite side

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22
Q

unilateral

A

one side

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23
Q

bilateral

A

both sides

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24
Q

prone

A

lying face down

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25
Q

supine

A

lying faceup

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26
Q

valgus (pronounced Val-gus)

A

distal segment of a joint deviates laterally

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27
Q

varus (pronounced Vair-us)

A

distal segment of a joint deviated medially

28
Q

arm

A

the region form the shoulder to elbow

29
Q

forearm

A

the region form the elbow to the wrist

30
Q

thigh

A

the region from the hip to the knee

31
Q

leg

A

the region form the knee to the ankle

32
Q

How many imaginary planes pass through the body? What are they?

A

3; sagittal; frontal; transverse

33
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides the body or structure into the right and left sides

34
Q

frontal plane

A

also called the coronal place divides the body or structure it anterior and posterior portions

35
Q

transverse plane

A

(also called the cross-sectional, axial, or horizontal plane) divides the body or structure into superior and inferior portions.

36
Q

If movement occurs in a plane, it must rotate about an ___ that has ___ relationship to that plane.

A

axis; 90 degrees

37
Q

An object’s ____ is a theoretical point where the weight force of the object can be considered to act.

A

center of gravity

38
Q

Center of gravity changes with ____ and depends on body position.

A

movement

39
Q

line of gravity of the body

A

is an imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity and is typically assessed while the subject is standing

40
Q

The line of gravity helps define proper ___ and ___.

A

body alignment; posture

41
Q

flexion

A

movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane

42
Q

extension

A

movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane

43
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body, usually nt eh frontal plane

44
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the fontal plane

45
Q

horizontal abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees

46
Q

horizontal adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees

47
Q

internal (medial) rotation

A

rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body

48
Q

external (lateral) rotation

A

rotation in the transverse plane away form the midline of the body

49
Q

lateral flexion (right or left)

A

movement away form the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movment

50
Q

rotation (right or left)

A

right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement

51
Q

elevation

A

movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane

52
Q

depression

A

movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane

53
Q

retraction

A

movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane

54
Q

protraction

A

movement of the scapula away form the spine in the frontal plane

55
Q

upward rotation

A

superior and lateral movement of the infjorerior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

56
Q

downward rotation

A

inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

57
Q

circumduction

A

a compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape

58
Q

radial deviation

A

abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

59
Q

ulnar deviation

A

adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

60
Q

opposition

A

diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to amen contact with the fifth digit

61
Q

eversion

A

abducting the ankle

62
Q

inversion

A

adducting the ankle

63
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane

64
Q

platarflexion

A

extending the ankle so the the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane

65
Q

pronation (foot/ankle)

A

combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot

66
Q

supination (foot/ankle)

A

combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot

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