Ch. 3 Anatomy and Kinesiology Flashcards
A major goal of exercise training is to improve _____ and ___ fitness.
cardiovascular; musculoskeletal
What disci;ones primarily are involved in describing and understanding human movement?
biomechanics; kinesiology
____ is the study of the motion and causes of motion of living things, using a branch of physics know as mechanics.
biomechanics
kinetics
causes of motion
_____ is the study of the mechanics of human movement and specifically evaluates muscles, joints, and skeletal structures and their involvement in movement.
kinesiology
Kinesiology is primarily based on what fields of science?
biomechanics; musculoskeletal anatomy, neuromuscular physiology
Kinesiology includes the study of ____.
gait, posture and body alignment, ergonomics, sports and exercise movement, activities of daily living and work
_____ is the universally accepted reference position used to describe regions and spatial relationships of the human body and to refer to body positions (e.g. joint motions)
anatomical position
In the anatomical position the body is ____.
erect with feet together and the upper limbs positioned at the sides, palms of the hands facing forward, thumbs facing away from the body, and fingers extended.
anterior
the front of the body; ventral
posterior
the back of the body; dorsal
superficial
located close to or on the body surface
deep
below the surface
proximal
closer to any reference point
distal
farther from any reference point
superior
toward the head; higher (head cephalic)
inferior
away from the head; lower (caudal - tail)
medial
toward te midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body; to the side
ipsilateral (pronounced tipsy-lateral)
on the same side
contralateral (pronounced contra-lateral)
on the opposite side
unilateral
one side
bilateral
both sides
prone
lying face down
supine
lying faceup
valgus (pronounced Val-gus)
distal segment of a joint deviates laterally
varus (pronounced Vair-us)
distal segment of a joint deviated medially
arm
the region form the shoulder to elbow
forearm
the region form the elbow to the wrist
thigh
the region from the hip to the knee
leg
the region form the knee to the ankle
How many imaginary planes pass through the body? What are they?
3; sagittal; frontal; transverse
sagittal plane
divides the body or structure into the right and left sides
frontal plane
also called the coronal place divides the body or structure it anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane
(also called the cross-sectional, axial, or horizontal plane) divides the body or structure into superior and inferior portions.
If movement occurs in a plane, it must rotate about an ___ that has ___ relationship to that plane.
axis; 90 degrees
An object’s ____ is a theoretical point where the weight force of the object can be considered to act.
center of gravity
Center of gravity changes with ____ and depends on body position.
movement
line of gravity of the body
is an imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity and is typically assessed while the subject is standing
The line of gravity helps define proper ___ and ___.
body alignment; posture
flexion
movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane
extension
movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body, usually nt eh frontal plane
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the fontal plane
horizontal abduction
movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees
horizontal adduction
movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees
internal (medial) rotation
rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body
external (lateral) rotation
rotation in the transverse plane away form the midline of the body
lateral flexion (right or left)
movement away form the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movment
rotation (right or left)
right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
elevation
movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane
depression
movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane
retraction
movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane
protraction
movement of the scapula away form the spine in the frontal plane
upward rotation
superior and lateral movement of the infjorerior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
downward rotation
inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
circumduction
a compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape
radial deviation
abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
ulnar deviation
adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
opposition
diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to amen contact with the fifth digit
eversion
abducting the ankle
inversion
adducting the ankle
dorsiflexion
flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane
platarflexion
extending the ankle so the the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane
pronation (foot/ankle)
combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot
supination (foot/ankle)
combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot
