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History - History Superpower relations and the Cold War > Ch 3 - > Flashcards

Ch 3 - Flashcards

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1
Q

What is detente ?

A

A period of peace between two groups that were previously at war or hostile to one another

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2
Q

What reasons did the USA have have trying to develop peace between itself and the USSR ?

A
  • It wanted to focus one doing the Vietnam war
  • Needed to address social problems that led to large-scale rioting in 1968
  • Building nuclear weapons was expensive
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3
Q

What reasons did the USSR have have trying to develop peace between itself and the USA ?

A
  • Living standards were poor
  • Economy was to developing ( economic problems )
  • Building nuclear weapons was expensive
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4
Q

What did the detente permit both superpowers to do ?

A
  • They could then spend less one on nuclear weapons
  • They had more money and time to concentrate on other issues
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5
Q

What did the Cuban Missile crisis cause the superpowers to realise ?

A
  • The Cuban Missile crisis shows that even if the superpowers didn’t want nuclear war they could easily lose controls of events : a war could break out accidentally
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6
Q

What dd the Cuban Missile crisis lead to ?

A

This led to a genuine attempt to have more co-operative and stable relationship during the 1970s = detente

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7
Q

What does SALT stand for ?

A

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

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8
Q

What was SALT 1 ?

A

A treaty signed by the two superpowers during the period of detente about limitations on weaponry. This was a result of difficult negotiations.

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9
Q

When did SALT 1 occur ?

A

In 1972

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10
Q

What were the conditions of the SALT 1 ?

A
  • No further production of strategic ballistic weapons
  • The Interim Treaty
  • The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty
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11
Q

What did the Interim Treaty state ?

A
  • No increase in number of intercontinental ballistic weapons (ICBMs) (though new ones could be added to replace old ones).
  • No new nuclear missile launchers.
    New submarines that could launch nuclear weapons (SLBMs) only allowed as replacements for existing missile launchers.
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12
Q

What did the Anti-ballistic missile treaty state ?

A

It agreed that both sides were only allowed two sites for ABMs - each site could have a minimum of 100 missiles

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13
Q

What were the positive effects of the SALT 1 ?

A
  • Slowed down the arms race by placing limits on the number of bombers, ICBMs and SLBMs each side could have.
  • Led to further negotiations that culminated in the SALT 2 Treaty
  • Ensured that neither side had a decisive advantage in strategic nuclear weapons.
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14
Q

What was the largest positive impact of SALT 1 ?

A

Led to better public international relations between the two superpowers

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15
Q

What were the negative effects of the SALT 1 ?

A
  • Agreement/ Treaty did not completely ensure that nuclear war would be prevented when likely
  • Did not cover intermediate nuclear weapons ( like MIRVs )
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16
Q

When were the Helsinki Accords occur ?

A

In 1975

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17
Q

What happened during the Helsinki Accords ?

A
  • 33 nations form NATO and the Warsaw Pact met to build on the spirit of co-operation which had been established at SALT 1
  • Agreements had been reached in 3 areas called ‘baskets’
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18
Q

What was Basket 1 ?

A
  • Agreement that borders were inviolable and could not be altered forcefully
  • Accepted border between East and West Germany
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19
Q

What was Basket 2 ?

A
  • Agreed on better international co-operation between Western and Soviet-controlled countries
  • Included trade engagements , technology exchanges and a joint space mission
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20
Q

What was Basket 3 ?

A
  • Agreement on extended human rights in Soviet controlled countries
  • For people to have individual freedoms like free speech, religion and free movement across Europe
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21
Q

What were the positive effects of the Helneski Accords ?

A
  • Helped the USA and the Soviet Union form a stable relationship.
  • Represented the high point of détente.
  • Coincided with more US-Soviet cooperation
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22
Q

What were the negative effects of the Helneski Accords ?

A
  • The Soviet Union continued to focus on Eastern bloc countries and to apply the Brezhnev Doctrine = It treated protesters harshly
  • The USA continued to prioritise its interests in countries it could influence, like Chile and El Salvador.
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23
Q

What did the SALT 2 inevitably lead to and why ?

A
  • SALT 2 was an arms control agreement that marked the end of détente.
  • The treaty was never ratified due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
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24
Q

When did the SALT 2 occur ?

A

In 1979

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25
Q

Since when had SALT 2 been under negotiations ?

A

Since 1972

26
Q

What were the features of the SALT 2 ?

A
  • Each superpower limited to 2250 warheads. SALT 2 counted warheads while SALT 1 simply counted missiles and bombers.
  • Imposed limits on new launch systems including multi-warhead missiles.
27
Q

What had started to worsen relations during the 1970s ?

A
  • In the USA, there was a growing mistrust in USSR government, there had been increased support for communist groups in countries such as EL Salvador and Angola from the USSR
  • 1979, Islamic militants captured the American embassy in Tehran and humiliated them, led angry Americans to want to see an end to detente/ USA to restore its position
  • USSR invade Afghanistan
28
Q

Why were SALT 1 and 2 partially unsuccessful ?

A
  • Arms control agreements only set out to limit the number of warheads each superpower had. They did not attempt to reduce them.
29
Q

What were Salt 1 and 2 partially successful ?

A
  • Arms control agreements placed limits on the number of (ABMs), (ICBMs) and (SLBMs)
  • This reduced the possibility of nuclear war by ensuring that neither side had the ability to destroy all the other side’s nuclear weapons in one strike)
30
Q

What is a ICBM ?

A

Intercontinental ballistic missile

31
Q

What is a MIRV ?

A

Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle

32
Q

What is a SLBM ?

A

Submarine-launched ballistic missile

33
Q

What is a ABM ?

A

Anti-ballistic missile

34
Q

When did the USSR invade Afghanistan ?

A

1979

35
Q

What happened as a consequence of Soviet invasion in Afghanistan ?

A

This meant the US Senate never ratified (approved) the SALT 2 treaty, so it never became official US policy.

36
Q

Why was Afghanistan important to the USSR ?

A
  • Afghanistan was viewed by the USSR as an important neighbour
  • It formed an important buffer zone between the USSR and Iran
37
Q

What led to the invasion of Afghanistan ?

A
  • April 1978, a Pro-Sovit government took control in Afghanistan
  • This was toppled in 1979 when Amin staged a coup
38
Q

How did the USSR initially view Amin’s government ?

A
  • Initially Moscow supported Amin
  • However, his government became increasingly unpopular when other pro-muslim factions tried to overthrow him
39
Q

What triggered the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ?

A
  • When Brezhnev heard rumours that Amin was talking to the USA about possible American support
40
Q

what happened during the invasion of Afghanistan ?

A
  • Dec 1979 , Soviet forces invaded claiming they had been invited by Amin to support his government against terrorists
  • Amin was assassinated
  • Main was replaced by Pro-Soviet Babrak Kamal
41
Q

What is a coup ?

A

A sudden, violent, and unlawful seizure of power from a government

42
Q

How did the USSR view Soviet invasion if Afghanistan ?

A

They thought it was similar to Czechoslovakia, an invasion in order to protect the USSR’s intreats in neighbouring state

43
Q

How did the USA view Soviet invasion if Afghanistan ?

A
  • Saw it as USSR trying to spread communism abroad
  • Caused withdrawal of SALT 2 and USA spent more on arms
44
Q

What was the Carter Doctrine ?

A

A doctrine stating that the USA would repel by force any threat to USA interests in the Persian Gulf

45
Q

When was Ronald Reagan elected ?

A

In 1980

46
Q

When was Mikhail Gorbachev elected ?

A

1985

47
Q

What were Renold Reagan’s beliefs ?

A
  • He was very anti-communist
  • He described the USSR as an ‘evil empire’ during a speech
48
Q

What was Reagan’s more tough approach towards the USSR ?

A
  • He persuaded the US congress to increases pending on arms agains ( 13% more in 1982 )
  • He kickstarted the arms race again
  • he introduced Reagan Doctrine
49
Q

What was the Reagan Doctrine ?

A

It stated that the USA would only support anti-communist governments and anti-communist governments trying to overthrow communist governments

50
Q

When was the Moscow Olympic Games ?

A

in 1980

51
Q

What did the USSR want to achieve eat the Moscow olympics ?

A
  • They wanted to promote communism to the huge television audience who would watch the Olympics of the world
52
Q

How did the USA boycott the USSR Olympics ?

A
  • They told athletes of other countries not to go ( Britain didn’t prevent their athletes from going but encouraged it, Isa threatened athletes with their passport being taken away )
  • This caused many of the best athletes not to attend the Moscow olympics
53
Q

What was the effect of the boycott olympics in Moscow ?

A
  • Due to many of the best athletes not attending the Moscow olympics, it made many events look second-rate
  • The USSR were very angry that their chance to showcase communism was undermined
  • Caused relations between USA and USSR to deteriorate
54
Q

What’d the SDI stand for ?

A

Strategic Defence initiative ( Star Wars )

55
Q

When was the SDI announced ?

A

in 1983

56
Q

What was the SDI ?

A
  • It was a new policy introduced by Reagan
  • It would place satellite states in orbit
  • These satellite states would have powerful lasers that would shoot down any Soviet missiles an prevent them from harming the USA
57
Q

What was Reagan’s aim with the SDI ?

A

To place Soviet spending under even more pressure

58
Q

What was the Crisis in the USSR during the 1980s ?

A
  • Its economy was in poor shape, partly because it spent so much on weapons.
  • Living standards were very low right across the Eastern bloc.
  • It was bogged down in the war in Afghanistan.
  • The Soviet Union did not have the USA’s computing expertise.
  • The Soviet Union could not keep pace with the USA’s new missile technology.
59
Q

What was the USSR reaction to the SDI ?

A
  • They were in shock
  • They had placed large amounts of sums into catching up with the USA but now their missiles were redundant and new system was needed ( however economy was weak )
60
Q

What was the significance of the SDI ?

A
  • It was a turning point in the arms race and Cold War
  • USA would have to invest a lot of resources in order to pull it off
  • USSR hadn’t caught up yet at that point and having a weak economy couldn’t possibly try and create a similar system to the SDI

History - History Superpower relations and the Cold War (5 decks)

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