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A&P 1 > Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer forming boundary of cells. [embedded with proteins]

> hydrophilic head with hydrophobic tails in the middle

> membrane proteins receive/bind chemical signals to cell & enzymes carry out chemical reactions

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2
Q

Cell Surface Extensions [4]

  1. Microvilli
  2. Cilia
  3. Flagellum
  4. Pseudopods
A
  1. Microvilli- fingerlike projections; increase surface area
  2. Cilia- hairlike extensions move in wavelike manor (respiratory tract & uterine tubes)
  3. Flagellum- tail of sperm used to move along mucous membrane of uterus
  4. Pseudopods- cytoplasm filled extensions; used to engulf bacteria
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3
Q

Cell Junctions [3]

A

Enables cells to grow/divide & communicate w/eachother

  1. Tight junction- prevent leakage of extracellular fluid
  2. Desmosome- holds cells together & keeps them from falling apart (skin/cardiac muscle)
  3. Gap junction- provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another
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4
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Allows some substances to pass & holds back others

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5
Q

Simple Diffusion (passive transport)

A

Movement of solute from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration; NO ENERGY NEEDED.

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6
Q

Facilitated Diffusion (passive)

A

Movement of solute from a LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration; uses carrier proteins to move solutes through membrane.

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7
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from a LOW concentration to HIGH solute concentration

> Tonicity- ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water (hypo,hyper,iso)

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8
Q

Hypotonic (BURSTS)

A

Concentration of solute is HIGHER inside the cell than outside; water enters cell & bursts

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9
Q

Isotonic (NORMAL)

A

EQUAL concentration of solutes inside & outside of cell

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10
Q

Hypertonic (SHRIVELS)

A

Concentration of solute is LOWER inside the cell than outside of cell; draws water out & cell shrinks

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11
Q

Active Transport/Active Diffusion(energy required)

A

Carrier-mediated transport (needs help) going from a LOW concentration gradient to HIGH

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12
Q

Sodium-Potassium (Na+-K+) Pump

A

Controls cell volume, generates body heat & provides energy for other transport pumps

3 Na+ pumped OUT of cell
2 K+ pumped INTO cell

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13
Q

Vesicular Transport

  1. Endocytosis [P.P.R]
  2. Exocytosis
A

Requires ATP & moves through membrane in vesicles
1. Endocytosis-brings matter INTO cell
>Phagocytosis- “cell eating”
>Pinocytosis- “cell drinking” & pinch off as vesicles
>Recepter-mediated-takes in specific molecules from specific receptor proteins
2. Exocytosis-releases matter OUT of the cell

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton [Protein filaments & tubules]

A
  1. Microfilaments- thinnest, made of protein ACTIN; fibrous mesh “terminal web”
  2. Intermediate Filaments- tough protein KERATIN; strength of desmosomes
  3. Microtubules-thickest, holds organelles in place & maintains cell shape
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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle; genetic control center of a cell

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16
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Protein synthesis; interconnected cisternae (channels); cisternae covered with ribosomes

17
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis; detoxification; calcium storage

18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein & RNA; produced in the nucleus—>moved to cytoplasm, assemble amino acids into proteins

19
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Packages products in golgi vesicles to become lysosomes

20
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes; round/oval; apoptosis-cell death

21
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Produce hydrogen peroxide; break down fatty acids; detox free radicals

22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Synthesize ATP; inner folds are cristae (holds enzymes for ATP); mDNA (small dna) is the space between cristae

23
Q

Centriole

A

Aids in cell division (mitotic spindles); cylindrical assembly of microtubules

24
Q

Centrosome

A

Area of cytoplasm near the nucleus containing a pair of centrioles

25
Q

Protein Synthesis (T & T)

A
  1. Transcription- 1st step; occurs in nucleus; synthesis of an RNA molecule from DNA
  2. Translation- 2nd step; occurs in cytoplasm; process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
26
Q

Cell Cycle

G1-S-G2-P-M-A-T-C

A

[INTERPHASE]
G1- 1st gap phase, make filaments/replicate centrioles, growth & normal metabolic rates
S-synthesis phase, replicated DNA (2pairs) & unzips polymerase
G2- 2nd gap phase, finishes centriole replications, growth & preparation

[M-MITOTIC PHASE]
Prophase- Chromatin thickens to chromosomes & spindle fibers form
Metaphase- Chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle fibers
Anaphase- Pair of chromosomes (sisters) pull apart & move to opposite sides (daughter chromosomes)
Telophase- Spindles disintegrate; nuclear membranes form; chromatids turn back into chromatin & cluster on each side of the cell

Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm; pinches into two & new cells begin interphase & cell cycle begins again.

A&P 1 (3 decks)

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