Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Element

A

Simplest form of matter w/ unique chemical properties.

6 elements make up 98.5% of the bodys weight O, C, H, N, Ca, P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atom Structure

A

of electrons=# of protons

**Nucleus is at the center of each atom**
Inside the nucleus:
1. Protons- POSITIVELY charged
2. Neutrons- NEUTRAL
3. Electrons- NEGATIVELY charged
**Electrons orbit around the nucleus**

Atomic #- # of protons
Atomic mass- sum of protons+neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Isotopes

A

Variety of elements with same# of protons but DIFFERENT # of neutrons; UNSTABLE & decay giving off radiation called RADIOACTIVITY aka “radioisotopes”
[every element has at least 1 radioisotope]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ions

A

CHARGED particles; UNEQUAL # of protons & electrons

> Ionization- donating electrons to another atom
[++] CATION- Giving up electrons & becoming POSITIVELY CHARGED (1-3 valence electrons)
[- -] ANION- Gaining more electrons & becoming NEGATIVELY CHARGED (4-7 valence electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Electrolytes

A

Salts that ionize in water & form solutions capable of electricity [nerve & muscle function due to chemical reactivity, osmosis, electrical effects]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Free Radicals

A

Odd # of electrons; UNSTABLE/short lived
Free radical damage-heart attack, cancer & other diseases

Antioxidants NEUTRALIZE free radicals (Vitamin C&E)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Compounds

A

Made of 2 different elements (CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Isomers

A

SAME atoms but different chemical arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chemical Bond

A

The force that holds atoms together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Attraction between OPPOSITELY CHARGED ions (cation & anion); weak bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Sharing of electrons
Single Covalent bond [H-H]- single pair of electrons
Double Covalent bond [H=H]- double pair of electrons

  1. Non polar Covalent bond- electrons are shared equally
  2. Polar covalent bond- electrons are shared unequally
  3. Hydrogen bond- weak attraction between a hydrogen atom & another atom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Properties of Water

A
  • *UNIVERSAL solvent b/c more substances (solute) dissolve in it**
    1. Hydrophilic- dissolves in water (salt, sugar)
    2. Hydrophobic- does NOT dissolve in water (fats)

> Adhesion- cling to surfaces; good lubricant
Cohesion-attraction of molecules of the SAME substance [thermal stability, chemical reactivity]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acid vs Base

A
  1. Acid- “proton donor”, releases a proton (H+) in water
  2. Base- “proton acceptor”, releases hydroxides (OH-)
  • *pH- measure concentration of H+ (0.0-14.0)
    0. 0 ACIDIC - 7 NEUTRAL - 14.0 BASIC

> Buffers are chemical solutions that resist changes in pH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

A
  1. Dehydration Synthesis (take away water)-join monomers to form polymers
  2. Hydrolysis (cutting it using water)- adds water to breakdown polymers

**Macromolecules are polymers (made up of monomers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Carbohydrates (SUGARS-STARCH-GLYCOGEN)

A

Broken down to glucose to provide energy [Hydrophillic]

  1. Monosaccharides-simplest carb, glucose, fructose, galactose
  2. Disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides, sucrose, lactose, maltose
  3. Polysaccarides- glycogen, starch, cellulose, polymers of glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lipids

A

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen. Fats.
>Triglycerides- solid at room temp, oil if liquid
-Built by dehydration synthesis [glycerol & fatty acid]
-Saturated fatty acid-contains as many hydrogen as it can
-Unsaturated fatty acid (good fats)-extra hydrogen can be added due to double carbon bonds

-Phospholipids- hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tail
[amphipathic-partly attracted to water & partly repelled]
-Steroids are synthesized from cholesterol

17
Q

Proteins

A
  1. Structure (keratin in nails, collagen in bones/skin/teeth)
  2. Communication (hormones/receptors)
  3. Membrane transport (channels)
  4. Catalysis
  5. Movement & Cell adhesion

> Peptides- chain of amino acids linked by dehydration synthesis
Enzymes-proteins that enable chemical reactions to run faster
-Substrate is a substance the enzyme acts on
-Active site is a surface pocket on enzyme where it binds with substrate [TEMP and pH alter ability for binding]

18
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  1. DNA- contains genetic material & resides in nucleus

2. RNA- carries out orders given by DNA, smaller than DNA (uracil not thymine) (mainly in cytoplasm)

19
Q

Chemical Reactions [REACTANTS—>PRODUCTS]

A

Covalent or ionic bond is broken or formed

  • Catabolism: energy releasing; break down
  • Anabolism: adding to; energy storing
  • Exergonic: energy releasing; produces energy
  • Endergonic: requires & needs energy
  • Oxidation: loss of electrons
  • Reduction: gains electrons

A&P 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions