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Biology 153 > Ch 29 Protists > Flashcards

Ch 29 Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

General characteristics of Protists

A 
Classified in separate super groups 
Single cell 
Multicellular 
Range in size 
Metabolically diverse -> arose independently 
-> autotrophs-phototrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs 
Some surrounded by plasma membrane only 
Others have cell wall 
Form cysts to survive harsh conditions 
Motility -> flagella, cilia, pseudopods
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2
Q

When did Protists first appear in the fossil record

A

1.5 BYA

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3
Q

Name 5 super groups

A 
Excavata 
Chromalveolata 
Archaeplastids 
Rhizaria 
Amoebozoans & Ophisthokonts
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4
Q

Phototrophs

A

Converts inorganic materials into organic materials for use in cellular functions
Biosynthesis & respiration & provide nutrition for many other forms of life.

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5
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Absorbing organic molecules or ingesting larger food particles

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6
Q

Mixotrophs

A

Photo & heterotrophic

Can do both -> water & soil

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7
Q

Define endosymbiosis

A

The nucleus & ER arose from infoldings or prokaryotic cell membrane
Many organelles evolved via endosymbiosis between an ancestral eukaryote & Bacterial cell

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8
Q

Origin of Mitochondria

A

Aerobic bacteria engulfed/coevolved/ prokaryotic cell became mitochondria

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9
Q

Origin of chloroplasts

A

Engulfed photosynthetic bacteria /coevolved/become the chloroplasts

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10
Q

Primary endosymbiosis

A

A prokaryotic is engulfed & retained by heterotrophic host cell.

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11
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

Eukaryote that possess a chloroplasts that’s engulfed and retained by other eukaryote host cell.
–> brown algae engulfed red algae that already had chloroplasts

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12
Q

What’s the assumed origin of the nucleus & ER?

A

Arose from membrane infoldings

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13
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Group of flagellated Protists belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa

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14
Q

Describe the Kinetoplastids structure

A

Single/large mitochondria that contains a mass of DNA

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15
Q

What phylum does Kinetoplastids belong to

A

Phylum Euglenozoa

2nd major group

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16
Q

What type of vectors do Kinetoplastids have

A

Mosquito or fly

Picks up organism from one host or carries it externally & brings to next host.

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17
Q

True/False: Do Kinetoplastids invade the central nervous system?

A

True

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18
Q

VSG

A

Variable surface glycoproteins

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19
Q

Define surface markers

A

Genetic nature of glycoprotein coat can change || evades antibodies

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20
Q

Describe Trypanosomes and their structure

A

Cause human disease
Hemoflagellate
Difficult to control-> repeatedly change protective coat
Release sterilized flies
Straps scented like cows but treated w/insecticides
Sequencing of genomes revealed core of common genes in single drug target.

21
Q

Describe African Sleeping Sickness & the vector used

A

Vector -> Tsetse Fly

Neurological disease
Causes fatigue, stupor, coma

22
Q

Leishmaniasis uses what vector

A

Sand fly

23
Q

Describe Chagas’ disease

A

Infected via skin contact with urine & feces from infected small animals
Causes severe cardiac arrest

24
Q

Define Hemoflagellate

A

Any parasitic flagellate protozoan that lives in the bloodstream

25
Q

Trophozoite

A

Trop
Vegetative form -> metabolic
Cyst -> formed to survive harsh conditions

26
Q

How do you determine if an eukaryotic organism is Trop or not?

A

By the forming of cyst.

27
Q

Food Vacuoles

A

Ciliates form Vacuoles to ingest food & regulate water balance

28
Q

Trichocysts

A

Elongated inclusions -> may be ejected as visible bodies after artificial stimulation

Paramecium & other ciliates have them

29
Q

Human gene transfer

A

Earlier eukaryotic cells evolved through the transfer of genes across species boundaries

30
Q

Calcareous ooze

A

Form of calcium carbonate derived from marine phytoplankton organisms

Accumulates on sea floor

31
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Many amoebas have thread like pseudopodia

Cytoplasmic extensions for movement

32
Q

Stigma

A

Movement towards light

33
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing food whole

34
Q

Identify & describe symptoms of infection for Giardia

A 
Diplomonad 
Flagellated (1-thousands) 
Single celled 
Free living in H2O or parasitic 
Lives in small intestine 
Travelers Diarrhea
35
Q

Identify & describe symptoms of infection for Trichomonas

A

Parabasalids
Sexually transmitted disease
Acquired gene via horizontal gene transfer
Bacterial pathogens
Allows T. vaginalis to feed on the vaginal lining
Asymptomatic or itching || white discharge
Infects 4 million a year
Pregnant women-> may cause premature delivery or low weight babies
Lacks mitochondria || undulating membranes

36
Q

Cause of Red Tide

A

Blooms of dinoflagellates

37
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of red tide in humans & how humans come in contact with it

A

Waves, wind,boat propellers -> high concentration of red tide disperse toxic particles into air.

Irritation of eyes, nose, throat, tingling lips, and tongue.

38
Q

What type of effects does red tide cause for aquatic organisms

A

Toxic

39
Q

Discuss the relationship between red tide, African dust clouds, and Cyanobacteria

A

Red Tide-> caused by excess ammonium allowing the dinoflagellates to overthrow creating a bloom

African Dust Clouds -> has high iron concentration

Cyanobacteria -> are nitrogen fixers

40
Q

Life Cycle of Malarial Parasite

A

1) Feeding mosquito injects plasmodium sporozoites into human
2) Sporozoites enter liver -> reproduce asexually-> release merozoites into bloodstream
3) Merozoites multiply inside red blood cells -> then released -> cycle repeats
4) certain merozoites develop into gametocytes
5) Gametocytes are ingested by another previously uninfected mosquito
6) gametocytes develop into gametes & reproduce sexually through meiosis forming Sporozoites within the mosquito

41
Q

Conjugation

A

Sexual process that ciliates undergo

42
Q

Identify 2 ciliates and describe their reproductive functions

A

Micronucleus -> sexual

Macronucleus -> divided by mitosis

43
Q

Anal pore

A

Ciliates special pore in the pellicle

Also called cytoproct

44
Q

Gullet

A

Food enters the gullet

45
Q

Datoms Structure

A

Stramenophile-> unicellular || Silica in cell walls || cell wall has intricate & unique patterns || carotenoid in chloroplasts give yellowish color || bilaterally or radially symmetric || 2 overlapping halves or valves like a shoe box

46
Q

Spirogyra

A

Filamentous multicellular green algae

Slimy floating mass

Uninucleated with helical arrangement of ribbon like chloroplasts

Numerous pyrenoid bodies where starch is stored

Asexual: fragmentation
Sexual: isogamy

47
Q

Volvox

A

Colonial green algae

Ponds – Ditches – Puddles

Up to 1.5 mm in diameter

Between 500-60,000 somatic cells with 2flagella

Asexual

Daughter colonies

Sexual reproduction with sperm and egg production

48
Q

Entamoeba

A

Amoeba species that cause intestinal illness

Diarrhea containing blood (dysentery)

Amoebic dysentery (amebiasis)

49
Q

Closest relative plants

A

Green algae

Biology 153 (2 decks)

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