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Biology 153 > Ch 29 Protists > Flashcards

Ch 29 Protists Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics of Protists

A 
Classified in separate super groups 
Single cell 
Multicellular 
Range in size 
Metabolically diverse -> arose independently 
-> autotrophs-phototrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs 
Some surrounded by plasma membrane only 
Others have cell wall 
Form cysts to survive harsh conditions 
Motility -> flagella, cilia, pseudopods
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2
Q

When did Protists first appear in the fossil record

A

1.5 BYA

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3
Q

Name 5 super groups

A 
Excavata 
Chromalveolata 
Archaeplastids 
Rhizaria 
Amoebozoans & Ophisthokonts
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4
Q

Phototrophs

A

Converts inorganic materials into organic materials for use in cellular functions
Biosynthesis & respiration & provide nutrition for many other forms of life.

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5
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Absorbing organic molecules or ingesting larger food particles

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6
Q

Mixotrophs

A

Photo & heterotrophic

Can do both -> water & soil

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7
Q

Define endosymbiosis

A

The nucleus & ER arose from infoldings or prokaryotic cell membrane
Many organelles evolved via endosymbiosis between an ancestral eukaryote & Bacterial cell

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8
Q

Origin of Mitochondria

A

Aerobic bacteria engulfed/coevolved/ prokaryotic cell became mitochondria

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9
Q

Origin of chloroplasts

A

Engulfed photosynthetic bacteria /coevolved/become the chloroplasts

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10
Q

Primary endosymbiosis

A

A prokaryotic is engulfed & retained by heterotrophic host cell.

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11
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

Eukaryote that possess a chloroplasts that’s engulfed and retained by other eukaryote host cell.
–> brown algae engulfed red algae that already had chloroplasts

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12
Q

What’s the assumed origin of the nucleus & ER?

A

Arose from membrane infoldings

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13
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Group of flagellated Protists belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa

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14
Q

Describe the Kinetoplastids structure

A

Single/large mitochondria that contains a mass of DNA

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15
Q

What phylum does Kinetoplastids belong to

A

Phylum Euglenozoa

2nd major group

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16
Q

What type of vectors do Kinetoplastids have

A

Mosquito or fly

Picks up organism from one host or carries it externally & brings to next host.

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17
Q

True/False: Do Kinetoplastids invade the central nervous system?

A

True

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18
Q

VSG

A

Variable surface glycoproteins

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19
Q

Define surface markers

A

Genetic nature of glycoprotein coat can change || evades antibodies

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20
Q

Describe Trypanosomes and their structure

A

Cause human disease
Hemoflagellate
Difficult to control-> repeatedly change protective coat
Release sterilized flies
Straps scented like cows but treated w/insecticides
Sequencing of genomes revealed core of common genes in single drug target.

21
Q

Describe African Sleeping Sickness & the vector used

A

Vector -> Tsetse Fly

Neurological disease
Causes fatigue, stupor, coma

22
Q

Leishmaniasis uses what vector

23
Q

Describe Chagas’ disease

A

Infected via skin contact with urine & feces from infected small animals
Causes severe cardiac arrest

24
Q

Define Hemoflagellate

A

Any parasitic flagellate protozoan that lives in the bloodstream

25
Trophozoite
Trop Vegetative form -> metabolic Cyst -> formed to survive harsh conditions
26
How do you determine if an eukaryotic organism is Trop or not?
By the forming of cyst.
27
Food Vacuoles
Ciliates form Vacuoles to ingest food & regulate water balance
28
Trichocysts
Elongated inclusions -> may be ejected as visible bodies after artificial stimulation Paramecium & other ciliates have them
29
Human gene transfer
Earlier eukaryotic cells evolved through the transfer of genes across species boundaries
30
Calcareous ooze
Form of calcium carbonate derived from marine phytoplankton organisms Accumulates on sea floor
31
Pseudopodia
Many amoebas have thread like pseudopodia Cytoplasmic extensions for movement
32
Stigma
Movement towards light
33
Phagocytosis
Engulfing food whole
34
Identify & describe symptoms of infection for Giardia
``` Diplomonad Flagellated (1-thousands) Single celled Free living in H2O or parasitic Lives in small intestine Travelers Diarrhea ```
35
Identify & describe symptoms of infection for Trichomonas
Parabasalids Sexually transmitted disease Acquired gene via horizontal gene transfer Bacterial pathogens Allows T. vaginalis to feed on the vaginal lining Asymptomatic or itching || white discharge Infects 4 million a year Pregnant women-> may cause premature delivery or low weight babies Lacks mitochondria || undulating membranes
36
Cause of Red Tide
Blooms of dinoflagellates
37
What are the clinical symptoms of red tide in humans & how humans come in contact with it
Waves, wind,boat propellers -> high concentration of red tide disperse toxic particles into air. Irritation of eyes, nose, throat, tingling lips, and tongue.
38
What type of effects does red tide cause for aquatic organisms
Toxic
39
Discuss the relationship between red tide, African dust clouds, and Cyanobacteria
Red Tide-> caused by excess ammonium allowing the dinoflagellates to overthrow creating a bloom African Dust Clouds -> has high iron concentration Cyanobacteria -> are nitrogen fixers
40
Life Cycle of Malarial Parasite
1) Feeding mosquito injects plasmodium sporozoites into human 2) Sporozoites enter liver -> reproduce asexually-> release merozoites into bloodstream 3) Merozoites multiply inside red blood cells -> then released -> cycle repeats 4) certain merozoites develop into gametocytes 5) Gametocytes are ingested by another previously uninfected mosquito 6) gametocytes develop into gametes & reproduce sexually through meiosis forming Sporozoites within the mosquito
41
Conjugation
Sexual process that ciliates undergo
42
Identify 2 ciliates and describe their reproductive functions
Micronucleus -> sexual Macronucleus -> divided by mitosis
43
Anal pore
Ciliates special pore in the pellicle Also called cytoproct
44
Gullet
Food enters the gullet
45
Datoms Structure
Stramenophile-> unicellular || Silica in cell walls || cell wall has intricate & unique patterns || carotenoid in chloroplasts give yellowish color || bilaterally or radially symmetric || 2 overlapping halves or valves like a shoe box
46
Spirogyra
Filamentous multicellular green algae Slimy floating mass Uninucleated with helical arrangement of ribbon like chloroplasts Numerous pyrenoid bodies where starch is stored Asexual: fragmentation Sexual: isogamy
47
Volvox
Colonial green algae Ponds -- Ditches -- Puddles Up to 1.5 mm in diameter Between 500-60,000 somatic cells with 2flagella Asexual Daughter colonies Sexual reproduction with sperm and egg production
48
Entamoeba
Amoeba species that cause intestinal illness Diarrhea containing blood (dysentery) Amoebic dysentery (amebiasis)
49
Closest relative plants
Green algae

Biology 153 (2 decks)

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