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Biology 153 > Ch 28 Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Ch 28 Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

The Evolutionary relationships between Domain Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

A

The two prokaryotic domains Archaea & Bacteria are not closely related, though both are prokaryotes.

In many ways archaea is more closely resemble eukaryotes than bacteria.

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2
Q

The average size of Prokaryotes

A

Size varies tremendously

• as much as five orders of magnitude

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3
Q

Method of prokaryote reproduction

A

Binary Fission

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4
Q

Describe the structures that all prokaryotes have

A

Single circular chromosome

Cell walls

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5
Q

What are the most common shapes & arrangements of prokaryotes

A

Basic Forms: (3) Rods, Cocci, Spirals

Has tough cell wall

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6
Q

Describe the structure & function of Glycocalyx

A

Examples: S. pneumonia and S. mutans

Structure: outside cell wall || sticky polysaccharide || capsule -> neatly organized

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7
Q

Describe the structure & function of the slime layer

A

Unorganized & loose || allows cell attachment || capsules prevent phagocytosis (increase pathogenicity)

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8
Q

Describe the structure & function of S. pneumonia

A

Cause disease only if it has a capsule

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9
Q

Describe the structure & function of S. mutans

A

Oral microbiota || use ingested sucrose-> makes Glycocalyx || sticks to other bacteria on teeth || acid produced via bacteria = damaged teeth

Example: dental plaque (biofilm)

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10
Q

Describe the structure & function of Flagella

A

Outside cell wall || made of chains of flagella || attached to protein hook || anchored to wall & membrane via basal body || proteins -> H antigens

Flagella= ocw||cof||aph||a-wm-bb|| p-ha

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11
Q

Describe the structure & function of Flagellum

A

Several flagella || found on outer surface on many prokaryotic cells || propels organisms

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12
Q

Describe the structure & function of basal bodies

A

Performs several functions important to cilia & flagella activities || template for building the axonome || orients & positions cilium

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13
Q

Describe a filament

A

Threadlike structure

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14
Q

Peritrichous

A

Relates to cilia || flagella uniformity

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15
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Multiple flagella in the same area

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16
Q

Amphitricous

A

(2) flagella || on opposite ends of cell

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17
Q

Monotrichous

A

1 flagella

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18
Q

Fimbriae

A

Interchangeable w/pili used to designate short, hairlike structures on surface of prokaryotic cells || fimbriae are shorter & stiffer than flagella || slightly smaller in diameter

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19
Q

Endospores

A

Unique type of dormant cell || member of Bacillus clostridium || remain dormant 100+ yrs || extreme resistance to heat, desiccation, chemicals, uv light boiling water.

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20
Q

Anthrax

A

Infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis

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21
Q

List the two domains containing Prokaryotes

A

1) Domain Bacteria

2) Domain Archaea

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22
Q

A cell that can use energy from the sun and CO2 as a carbon source

A

Photoautotroph

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23
Q

Gram + & gram - bacteria are characterized by differences in

A

The cell wall in gram + has thick layer of peptidoglycan and gram - have outer membrane

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24
Q

What characteristic is unique to archaea

A

Ether linked phospholipids

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25
Q

The horizontal transfer of DNA using a plasmid is an example of

A

Conjugation

26
Q

Tuberculosis is caused by

A

Bacterial pathogen

27
Q

Prokaryotes participate in the global cycling of

A

Carbon and nitrogen

28
Q

Mechanisms of DNA exchange in prokaryotes share the feature of

A

Horizontal transfer of information

29
Q

The cell wall in both Gram + & Gram - cells is

A

A target for antibiotics that affect peptidoglycan synthesis

30
Q

3 domains of life

A

Consist of 3 different basic cell types

31
Q

Ulcers and tooth decay don’t appear related but in fact both

A

Can be due to bacterial infection

32
Q

Why are bacteria able to perform photosynthesis & respiration, both of which use membranes. Bacteria lack independent internal membrane systems.

A

Invagination of the plasma membrane can provide an internal membrane surface

33
Q

Can plants fix nitrogen

A

No

34
Q

Some plants don’t need N2 from the soil. This is because?

A

Symbiotic association with a bacterium that can fix nitrogen

35
Q

How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes- unicellular- small circular DNA- division by binary fission- lacks internal compartmentalization - singular flagellum - metabolic diversity

36
Q

Bacteria and Archaea have similarities. Are they the same or different

A 
They differ fundamentally 
4 key areas differ 
-plasma membrane 
-cell wall 
-DNA replication 
-gene expression
37
Q

Describe the Prokaryotic cell structure

A

3 basic forms

  • rod
  • cocci
  • spirals
38
Q

How would you classify bacteria

A

Gram + or Gram -

39
Q

Describe the importance & structure of Glycocalyx

A

Outside cell wall
Sticky polysaccharide
Capsule -> neatly organized

40
Q

Importance & structure of Slime Layer

A

Unorganized and loose
Allows cell attachment
Capsules-> prevent phagocytosis

41
Q

Structure & importance of S. Pneumonia

A

Causes disease only if capsule is present

42
Q

Structure of S. Mutans

A 
Oral microbiota 
Uses ingested sucrose 
Makes Glycocalyx 
Sticks to other bacteria on teeth 
Acid produced via bacteria
43
Q

Describe Flagella structure

A 
Outside cell wall 
Made of chains of flagellum 
Attached to protein hook 
Anchored to wall & membrane via basal body 
Proteins -> H antigens
44
Q

Flagellum

A

Several flagella
Found on outer surface of many prokaryotic cells
Used to propel organisms

45
Q

Basal bodies

A

Important to cilia & flagella activities
Template for building axoneme
Orients & positions cilium or flagellum

46
Q

Tetanus

A

Caused by bacteria Clostridium tetani
Fatal
Lives in soil, saliva, dust, and manure

47
Q

Plasmids

A

Small Circular Double stranded DNA molecule -> distinct from cells chromosomal DNA

Naturally exist in bacterial cells
Also occurs in some Eukaryotes

48
Q

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

A 
Prokaryotes- 
1 circular chromosome 
Not in membrane 
No histones 
No organelles 
Peptidoglycan cell wall if bacteria 
Pseudomurien if Archaea
Reproduction-> binary fission 
Eukaryotes-
Paired chromosomes 
Histones 
Organelles 
Polysaccharide cell wall 
Mitotic spindle
49
Q

Storage Granules

A

Accumulations of polymers

50
Q

Vesicles

A

Controlled to provide buoyancy

51
Q

NAG

A

Polymer of disaccharide || N. acetylgucosamine

Gram -

52
Q

NAM

A

Peptidoglycan-> N. acetylmuramic acid

53
Q

Tetrapeptides

A

String of 4 amino acids

Links glycan chains

54
Q

Techoic Acids

A

Gram +
Polymer divided into 2 components-> disaccharide linkage unit & main chain polymer || composed of phosphodiester linked polyol repeat units

55
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharides

Gram -

56
Q

Lipid A

A

Endotoxins

57
Q

Prions

A

Proteins || forms channels through membrane.

58
Q

Why is gram stain referred to as a differential stain

A

B/c 1 group of organisms reacts to the stain one way & another group of organisms reacts a different way

59
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Organisms || can’t survive environment w/total absence of O2

60
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Breath and use O2 when present

Can switch to co2 assist fermentation metabolism

61
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Can’t sustain environment with presence of O2

62
Q

Facultative Aerobes

A 
Staphylococcus (gram +) 
Escherichia coli (gram -)

Biology 153 (2 decks)

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