Ch 28 Prokaryotes Flashcards by Chris Decker

The Evolutionary relationships between Domain Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

The two prokaryotic domains Archaea & Bacteria are not closely related, though both are prokaryotes.

In many ways archaea is more closely resemble eukaryotes than bacteria.

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The average size of Prokaryotes

Size varies tremendously

• as much as five orders of magnitude

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Method of prokaryote reproduction

Binary Fission

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Describe the structures that all prokaryotes have

Single circular chromosome

Cell walls

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What are the most common shapes & arrangements of prokaryotes

Basic Forms: (3) Rods, Cocci, Spirals

Has tough cell wall

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Describe the structure & function of Glycocalyx

Examples: S. pneumonia and S. mutans

Structure: outside cell wall || sticky polysaccharide || capsule -> neatly organized

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Describe the structure & function of the slime layer

Unorganized & loose || allows cell attachment || capsules prevent phagocytosis (increase pathogenicity)

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Describe the structure & function of S. pneumonia

Cause disease only if it has a capsule

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Describe the structure & function of S. mutans

Oral microbiota || use ingested sucrose-> makes Glycocalyx || sticks to other bacteria on teeth || acid produced via bacteria = damaged teeth

Example: dental plaque (biofilm)

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Describe the structure & function of Flagella

Outside cell wall || made of chains of flagella || attached to protein hook || anchored to wall & membrane via basal body || proteins -> H antigens

Flagella= ocw||cof||aph||a-wm-bb|| p-ha

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Describe the structure & function of Flagellum

Several flagella || found on outer surface on many prokaryotic cells || propels organisms

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Describe the structure & function of basal bodies

Performs several functions important to cilia & flagella activities || template for building the axonome || orients & positions cilium

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Describe a filament

Threadlike structure

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Peritrichous

Relates to cilia || flagella uniformity

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Lophotrichous

Multiple flagella in the same area

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Amphitricous

(2) flagella || on opposite ends of cell

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Monotrichous

1 flagella

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Fimbriae

Interchangeable w/pili used to designate short, hairlike structures on surface of prokaryotic cells || fimbriae are shorter & stiffer than flagella || slightly smaller in diameter

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Endospores

Unique type of dormant cell || member of Bacillus clostridium || remain dormant 100+ yrs || extreme resistance to heat, desiccation, chemicals, uv light boiling water.

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Anthrax

Infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis

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List the two domains containing Prokaryotes

1) Domain Bacteria

2) Domain Archaea

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A cell that can use energy from the sun and CO2 as a carbon source

Photoautotroph

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Gram + & gram - bacteria are characterized by differences in

The cell wall in gram + has thick layer of peptidoglycan and gram - have outer membrane

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What characteristic is unique to archaea

Ether linked phospholipids

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The horizontal transfer of DNA using a plasmid is an example of

Conjugation

Tuberculosis is caused by

Bacterial pathogen

Prokaryotes participate in the global cycling of

Carbon and nitrogen

Mechanisms of DNA exchange in prokaryotes share the feature of

Horizontal transfer of information

The cell wall in both Gram + & Gram - cells is

A target for antibiotics that affect peptidoglycan synthesis

3 domains of life

Consist of 3 different basic cell types

Ulcers and tooth decay don't appear related but in fact both

Can be due to bacterial infection

Why are bacteria able to perform photosynthesis & respiration, both of which use membranes. Bacteria lack independent internal membrane systems.

Invagination of the plasma membrane can provide an internal membrane surface

Can plants fix nitrogen

Some plants don't need N2 from the soil. This is because?

Symbiotic association with a bacterium that can fix nitrogen

How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes

Prokaryotes- unicellular- small circular DNA- division by binary fission- lacks internal compartmentalization - singular flagellum - metabolic diversity

Bacteria and Archaea have similarities. Are they the same or different

``` They differ fundamentally 4 key areas differ -plasma membrane -cell wall -DNA replication -gene expression ```

Describe the Prokaryotic cell structure

3 basic forms - rod - cocci - spirals

How would you classify bacteria

Gram + or Gram -

Describe the importance & structure of Glycocalyx

Outside cell wall Sticky polysaccharide Capsule -> neatly organized

Importance & structure of Slime Layer

Unorganized and loose Allows cell attachment Capsules-> prevent phagocytosis

Structure & importance of S. Pneumonia

Causes disease only if capsule is present

Structure of S. Mutans

``` Oral microbiota Uses ingested sucrose Makes Glycocalyx Sticks to other bacteria on teeth Acid produced via bacteria ```

Describe Flagella structure

``` Outside cell wall Made of chains of flagellum Attached to protein hook Anchored to wall & membrane via basal body Proteins -> H antigens ```

Flagellum

Several flagella Found on outer surface of many prokaryotic cells Used to propel organisms

Basal bodies

Important to cilia & flagella activities Template for building axoneme Orients & positions cilium or flagellum

Tetanus

Caused by bacteria Clostridium tetani Fatal Lives in soil, saliva, dust, and manure

Plasmids

Small Circular Double stranded DNA molecule -> distinct from cells chromosomal DNA Naturally exist in bacterial cells Also occurs in some Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

``` Prokaryotes- 1 circular chromosome Not in membrane No histones No organelles Peptidoglycan cell wall if bacteria Pseudomurien if Archaea Reproduction-> binary fission ``` ``` Eukaryotes- Paired chromosomes Histones Organelles Polysaccharide cell wall Mitotic spindle ```

Storage Granules

Accumulations of polymers

Vesicles

Controlled to provide buoyancy

NAG

Polymer of disaccharide || N. acetylgucosamine Gram -

NAM

Peptidoglycan-> N. acetylmuramic acid

Tetrapeptides

String of 4 amino acids | Links glycan chains

Techoic Acids

Gram + Polymer divided into 2 components-> disaccharide linkage unit & main chain polymer || composed of phosphodiester linked polyol repeat units

LPS

Lipopolysaccharides | Gram -

Lipid A

Endotoxins

Prions

Proteins || forms channels through membrane.

Why is gram stain referred to as a differential stain

B/c 1 group of organisms reacts to the stain one way & another group of organisms reacts a different way

Obligate anaerobes

Organisms || can't survive environment w/total absence of O2

Obligate Aerobes

Breath and use O2 when present | Can switch to co2 assist fermentation metabolism

Facultative Anaerobes

Can't sustain environment with presence of O2

Facultative Aerobes

``` Staphylococcus (gram +) Escherichia coli (gram -) ```